Remember those late nights battling friends over Monopoly, only to watch them build a hotel empire that wiped you out? Surprise – those brutal losses actually taught you more about money than any school class ever did.

Think about it. All those hours trading properties and counting colourful cash? You were low-key learning real financial skills.

Here we explore some classic board games that sneakily teach us about money and why game night might be worth more than just family bonding (or friendship breakups).

The OGs of financial gaming 

First up, Monopoly – the game that's probably seen more family arguments than any holiday meal. Beyond the thrill of watching someone land on Mayfair with your hotel on it, Monopoly has some sneaky money lessons. 

Notice how players who buy every single property often end up broke? Lesson one: keep some cash in reserve. The real magic, though, is in the deals. Trading Baltic Avenue for a get-out-of-jail-free card only to see your sibling realize they got hustled? Pure satisfaction. Plus, the joy of collecting rent while doing absolutely nothing? Welcome to passive income 101. 

And then there’s The Game of Life – where picking between doctor or YouTube star plays out the consequences. It's a crash course in big life choices: Is it worth the debt for that degree? Should you buy insurance or take a gamble? And the real kicker – sometimes the “safe” road with a steady paycheck beats betting it all on that dream job.

The new school money makers

If Monopoly is the grandfather of money games, Stockpile is the cool cousin who works on Wall Street. This game lets you play Gordon Gekko without the whole "going to jail" thing. You'll learn about stocks without risking your actual savings, and we’re willing to bet that watching your friends panic when their "sure thing" stock crashes is way more fun than checking your real investment portfolio.

The fun part? You get insider trading tips during the game (legally, of course). It's hilarious watching players debate whether to trust that hot stock tip or play it safe. One round you're Warren Buffett, the next you're crossing your fingers hoping your tech stocks don't tank. Kind of like real-life trading, some might say.

Then there's Cashflow, created by the "Rich Dad" guy himself. It's basically a crash course in getting rich while pretending to have fun. You'll learn the difference between assets and liabilities (spoiler: that fancy car isn't making you money), and figure out how to escape the 9-to-5 grind through smart investments. Fair warning though - you might quit your job after a few rounds to become a real estate mogul.

The unexpected financial teachers

Here’s where it gets sneaky – these games have been teaching you money moves all along. Take Ticket to Ride. While you’re laser-focused on building that perfect New York-to-LA route, you’re actually mastering resource management. Ever burned through all your train cards early, only to have someone block your perfect path? That’s basically paycheck-gone-on-day-one energy.

Then there's Catan – aka How to Lose Friends Through Aggressive Sheep Trading. One minute, you’re rich in brick; the next, you’re stuck because nobody wants to trade. It’s supply and demand in the flesh. And remember: putting all your hopes in wood and ore is like going all-in on one crypto. Diversify, people.

The real genius of these games? You’re sharpening real money skills without even noticing, all while throwing down over wheat wars and blocked routes.

Final dice

Next time someone questions your game night plans, let them know you're honing real-life money skills. These board games have quietly schooled us in finances for years – from building empires to making savvy trades.

Want to teach the kids about money without the lectures? Just break out the board games. Who knows, those game night lessons might be exactly what you need to handle real-world money moves.

In today's global economy, managing your finances, both crypto and fiat, across borders has never been more important. With this in mind, we’ve created innovative solutions for both personal and business users with the Tap Personal Account and Tap Business Account. 

While both accounts share some core features, they each cater to specific needs. Let's dive into the details to help you choose the right account for your financial journey. 

Shared features: the Tap advantage

Both Tap Personal and Tap Business accounts offer a range of powerful features designed to simplify your financial life:

• Multi-currency capabilities: Hold, send, and receive money in multiple currencies.
• Competitive exchange rates: Enjoy favourable rates when converting between currencies.
• Low-fee international transfers: Send money abroad without breaking the bank.
• Tap card: A versatile debit card for spending in multiple currencies worldwide.
• User-friendly mobile app: Manage your finances on the go with ease.
• Cashback rewards: earn up to 8% Cashback on any card or online transactions.
• Money management on the go: Get real-time notifications on transactions and monthly statements.

Tap Personal Account: personal finance, globalised

The Tap Personal Account is perfect for individuals who:

• Live, work, or travel internationally
• Need to send money to family or friends abroad
• Want to shop online in different currencies
• Seek a hassle-free way to manage personal finances across borders
• Are savvy investors looking to manage multiple currencies in one secure location

Key features of the Tap Personal Account include:

1. Easy account opening: Get started quickly with a simple online process.
2. Free local account details: Receive payments like a local in multiple countries.
3. Instant transfers: Send money to other Tap users in seconds, for free.

Tap Business Account: powering global commerce

The Tap Business Account is tailored for:

• Small to medium-sized businesses
• Companies with international operations
• Startups looking to scale globally

In addition to the features shared with the Tap Personal Account, the Tap Business Account offers:

1. Multi-currency access: Easily set up checkout payment channels for crypto and major national currencies with access to local and international payment rails.
2. Crypto to fiat: Receive and send over 45 cryptocurrencies directly from your account with an institutional-grade OTC desk. 
3. Payment links: Get an individual IBAN and receive and send payments in EUR and GBP with SEPA Instant
4. White card labelling service: Create customisable cards for your business or clients using the integrated service. 
5. Cheaper payroll payments: Avoid bank fees when making multiple payments efficiently, perfect for paying salaries or multiple suppliers.
6. Access to an account manager: each company is assigned a dedicated account manager.

Making the right choice

Choosing between a Tap Personal Account and a Tap Business Account depends on your specific needs:

• If you're an individual looking to simplify your personal international finances, the Tap Personal Account is your go-to solution.
• For businesses of any size aiming to streamline their global financial operations, the Tap Business Account offers the advanced features you need to thrive in the international marketplace.

Both accounts reflect Tap's commitment to providing innovative, user-friendly financial solutions for our increasingly connected world. Whether you're planning your next international adventure or expanding your business across borders, Tap has you covered.

Ready to take control of your global finances? Visit withtap.com to learn more and download the app, and sign up for the account that best suits your needs.

What is a stablecoin?

A stablecoin is a cryptocurrency that aims to keep its value consistent with a specific asset or group of assets, in other words, its value is pegged to the underlying asset. Unlike volatile cryptocurrencies such as Bitcoin or Ethereum, stablecoins aim to provide the benefits of digital currencies without the wild price fluctuations. Most commonly, stablecoins are pegged to fiat currencies like the US dollar, with one coin typically equaling one dollar.

How do stablecoins maintain their value?

Stablecoins use various mechanisms to maintain their peg:

1. Collateralised stablecoins

These are backed by reserves of the pegged asset. For every stablecoin issued, there should be an equivalent amount of the asset held in reserve (in a bank). Examples include USDC and USDT.

2. Algorithmic stablecoins

These use smart contracts and algorithms to automatically adjust supply based on demand, theoretically maintaining the peg. An example was TerraUSD (UST) before its collapse.

3. Hybrid models

Some stablecoins combine collateral backing with algorithmic mechanisms.

Maintaining the peg often involves continuous market operations, such as minting new coins when demand increases or burning excess supply when demand decreases.

What does it mean when a stablecoin depegs?

When a stablecoin "depegs," it means its value has deviated significantly from its intended peg. For instance, if a USD-pegged stablecoin trades at $0.95 or $1.05 instead of $1.00, it's considered depegged. Minor fluctuations are normal, but substantial or prolonged deviations indicate a problem.

Why does this happen?

Stablecoins can depeg for several reasons:

1. Market pressure: Extreme market conditions can lead to massive sell-offs, overwhelming the stabilising mechanisms.
2. Loss of confidence: If users doubt the stablecoin's backing or the issuer's credibility, they may rush to sell, causing a depeg.
3. Insufficient collateral: If a stablecoin isn't adequately backed by reserves, it may struggle to maintain its peg during high-stress periods.
4. Algorithm failures: For algorithmic stablecoins, flaws in the stabilising mechanism can lead to depegging.
5. Regulatory issues: Legal challenges or regulatory crackdowns can shake confidence in a stablecoin.
6. Liquidity crises: If there's not enough liquidity in the market, it can be difficult to maintain the peg.
7. External economic factors: Major economic events or changes in monetary policy can affect a stablecoin's stability.

What are the consequences of a stablecoin depegging?

The consequences of a stablecoin depegging can be severe and far-reaching:

Loss of user funds

Investors holding the stablecoin may face significant losses if the value drops substantially.

Market volatility

A major stablecoin depegging can trigger broader crypto market sell-offs and instability.

Loss of trust

Depegging events can erode confidence in the entire stablecoin market and the specific project.

Regulatory scrutiny

Such events often lead to increased regulatory attention on stablecoins and the broader crypto industry.

Disruption of crypto ecosystems

Many DeFi protocols rely on stablecoins; a depeg can disrupt these systems. And as stablecoins are often used as collateral, depegging can trigger mass liquidations and potential system-wide instability.

Project failure

In extreme cases, like with Terra/LUNA, a stablecoin depeg can lead to the complete collapse of the associated project and ecosystem.

Understanding the mechanisms behind stablecoins and the risks of depegging is crucial for anyone involved in the cryptocurrency space. While stablecoins play a vital role in the crypto ecosystem, providing a bridge between traditional finance and the volatile world of digital assets, they are not without risks. Be sure to always do your own research before engaging in the crypto space.

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Did you know that there are five different ways we express our love through money? Below we break down the original five love languages and then explain how these can be integrated into a financial setting. Knowledge is power, after all.

The original five love languages

The original five love languages were first introduced by Dr. Gary Chapman in his book "The 5 Love Languages: The Secret to Love that Lasts" offering insight into how we convey our love and how we hope to receive it. The five love languages are:

Words of affirmation

Expressing love and appreciation through verbal or written compliments, praise, and kind words.

Quality time

Showing love by giving undivided attention and spending meaningful quality time together.

Receiving gifts

Demonstrating love through thoughtful and meaningful gifts, usually involves around both giving and receiving gifts.

Acts of service

Expressing love by performing acts of kindness and service for the other person.

Physical touch

Showing affection and love through physical touch, such as hugs, kisses, and holding hands.

These love languages help individuals understand how they prefer to give and receive love. The book also states that recognizing and speaking each other's love languages can strengthen relationships.

What are the financial love languages?

Taking the original pillars, we’ve created five money love languages to give you an idea of how you financially show up in relationships (family, love or otherwise). Whether you share a flat with your brother, a business with a friend, or a joint account with a partner, everyone will be able to relate to these financial love languages. Afterall, managing money in a positive light is the cornerstone of any healthy relationship.

The five financial love languages

There’s value in being attuned to your own patterns, and to those of the ones you love. By recognising your partner's money love language you might get a better objective of how to create more harmony in the relationship by understanding what drives them to spend money. Without further adieu, let’s get into the five money love languages.

Open communication

While there are few topics less pleasant to talk about than money, having open and honest communication when it comes to the benjamins is not only valuable but essential. Having the skill, or having honed the skill should we say, to speak about financial matters with a loved one is an accolade, and for some, the most natural money love language. These chats will likely make you feel empowered and more connected to those around you, making it easier to be on the same page.

Acts of service: money edition

While the original acts of service encompass doing things that make the lives of those you love a little easier, in this context acts of service relate to money-related tasks such as taxes or budgeting. Having someone do your taxes as an act of love might be a bit ambitious, so let’s look at alternatives. It could be organising the holiday budget or creating an action plan to get your friend out of debt, or simply fixing something for you in order to save you money.

Love in savings

While it doesn’t sound like the sexiest option, planning for the future and having financial security is an invaluable act of love. Whether through investments, retirement plans, or even an emergency fund, what doesn’t say “I love you” if not “let’s make a financial decision to grow old together.” Some people's love language is expressing affection through providing, so why not let them put their planning skills and diligence to the test and shower you with their love? It might even help you reach your financial goals that much faster.

Experiencing something together

This person’s money love language is expressing their fondness through experiences and quality time, spending money on taking a trip, going on an exciting date night, or simply a new adventure. Through investing in time and experiences, you are quite simply saying I value spending time with you more than I value monetary gains.

The art of gifting

The last money love language we have for you today centers around gift-giving. Are you someone who likes to shower friends with presents, or love to spoil your significant other with something wonderful? Then this one’s for you. While this shouldn’t ever involve draining your bank account, pouring your love (and money) into an appropriate gift is a great way to show affection. Remember, it’s often the thought that counts rather than the price tag.

Which is your money love language?

Which of these do you most resonate with? Sometimes by identifying these intrinsic needs, we are able to better understand not only ourselves but our expectations of others. Whatever your financial love language might be, be sure to pour the greatest amount of love into your own finances and steadily work toward reaching your financial goals. 

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Welcome to the delicious world of cookies! But hold on, we're not talking about those sweet treats you munch on during tea time. We're here to unveil the mysterious and oh-so-important cookies that exist on the vast landscape of the internet. 

These cookies aren't tangible, instead, they're small pieces of data that roam around cyberspace, shaping and enhancing your online experience. In this article, we break down what cookies are exactly and how they impact our online interactions. 

What are cookies?

These digital marvels play a vital role in enhancing our online experiences. So, what exactly are cookies and why does your computer store them?

When you're hopping from one website to another, your computer keeps a small file on behalf of each website you visit. This file is the cookie. The name "cookie" actually comes from a programming term called a magic cookie, coined by the programmer, Lou Montulli, and adds flavour to your online adventures.

But why do computers store these little files? Cookies help web servers remember you, ensuring a smooth and personalised browsing experience. Let's say you perform an action on a website, like switching to a dark mode or logging in with your credentials. Your computer takes note of this and saves the information in a cookie.

When you revisit that website in the future, your computer hands back the stored information from the cookie to the website. It's as if your computer is acting as a helpful assistant, reminding the website of your preferences, saved settings, and even items left in your virtual shopping cart.

The bottom line is that cookies are an integrated service that allow for a seamless and tailored browsing experience. 

The different types of cookies

As with its baked goods counterpart, not all cookies are created equal. Each type serves a unique purpose in enhancing your online experience. Here's a breakdown of the most common cookie varieties:

Session cookies

These are temporary cookies that exist only during your browsing session. They hold information about your activities on a website, ensuring smooth navigation. Once you close the browser, session cookies vanish, leaving no trace behind.

Persistent cookies

Unlike their transient cousins, persistent cookies stick around even after you close the browser. They store information like login details or preferences, making your return visits more personalised and convenient.

First-party cookies

These are created by the website you are visiting. They help to remember your preferences and settings, making your browsing experience smoother.

Third-party cookies

These cookies come from external sources, often embedded in the website you're visiting. They track your browsing habits, allowing advertisers to deliver targeted ads based on your interests.

Cookie consent and those pop-up banners

When you visit a website, you may have noticed those cookie consent banners or pop-ups that demand your attention. Turns out they are quite important. Implementing these notifications helps websites comply with data protection regulations and respect your privacy. 

They also play a vital role in helping users understand the importance of giving consent and being aware of how their data is used. So, next time you encounter a cookie consent banner, remember it's there to protect your rights and ensure transparency in the online world.

How cookies track and analyse your behaviour

Cookies have become a powerful tool for tracking and analysing user behaviour on websites. They enable website owners to gather valuable analytics data and gain insights into visitor patterns and preferences. 

By utilising cookies, website administrators can track the number of page views, monitor the time users spend on their site, and gain a deeper understanding of how visitors interact with different elements. This data helps them optimise their websites, improve user experience, and tailor content to suit audience preferences. 

On top of that, cookies also play a crucial role in targeted advertising, allowing marketers to display ads based on users' browsing habits and interests. So, the next time you encounter a personalised ad, you can thank those little, but mighty, cookies for their clever insights.

How you can manage your cookies

Managing and controlling useful cookies gives you more control over your online privacy. Through browser settings, you can choose to accept, reject, or delete cookies. Taking control of your cookie preferences allows you to customise your browsing experience and limit the data collected by websites. 

Additionally, various cookie management tools are available, making it easier to handle cookies across different websites. It's important to understand the implications of accepting or rejecting cookies, as it can affect website functionality, personalised experiences, and even the relevance of advertisements. Find the right balance that suits your privacy preferences and browsing needs.

Conclusion

In the vast realm of the internet, cookies are the unsung heroes that make our online experiences seamless and personalised. These small files, stored by our computers on behalf of websites, play a crucial role in remembering our preferences, settings, and actions. 

So, the next time you encounter a cookie consent banner or notice the personalisation of a website, you'll know it's all thanks to these small but mighty digital gems called cookies. 

Increasing speculation is that the global economy could be headed for a recession in 2023. This comes as governments around the world continue to grapple with rising debt levels and sluggish economic growth despite massive fiscal stimulus packages. 
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Meanwhile, companies are facing headwinds from changing consumer preferences, technological disruption, and escalating trade tensions. All of these factors have raised concerns about whether the current economic expansion can be sustained over the long term. 
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Below we explore the likelihood of an upcoming economic downturn and guide you through how to protect your savings and investments should you be faced with one. 
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Are we headed for a recession in 2023?

According to economic research conducted by Bloomberg, economists have predicted a 70% chance of a recession next year, up from their 30% prediction in July last year. While not the technical definition, recessions typically take place after two consecutive quarters of negative economic growth, which was seen last year. 
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Despite the interest rates and inflation, consumer demand has deteriorated. After two years of bulked-up hiring, job search activity is now also waning. The stock markets have declined approximately 20% in 2022 with speculations indicating that further drops in 2023 are likely to follow suit.
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While these stats might cause panic, know that recessions are part of the natural economic cycle. In fact, there have been thirteen recessions since World War II, each lasting an average of 10 months, all of which recovered. With the right preparations, an economic downturn can cause minimal damage to your financial goals. 
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How to ride out a recession with minimal damage (hint: emergency fund)

First and foremost, build your emergency savings fund before the recession goes into full effect. This involves saving money to build up three to six months’ worth of expenses that can be used for any unforeseen costs that might pop up over times of economic slowdown. Building an emergency fund is a surefire way to protect your investments and recession-proof your finances.
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On top of this, experts recommend putting off any big purchases, especially luxury items, and creating (and sticking to) a budget. Look for valuable money-saving tips and implement these into your day-to-day life. These tips might help you to save money beyond the economic uncertainty and help you to offset the rising costs of living. Consider creative ways to beat the economy and cut costs.
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How to manage debt in an economic downturn

If you have a steady job, starting today, increase your payments to eradicate your debt. Don’t underestimate the freedom that comes with being debt-free, not only financially but emotionally too. Once you’ve paid this off you will have more room in your balance sheets to navigate the interest rate hike and increased cost of living typically associated with recessions. 
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Should you lose your job, try to minimize your unessential debt repayments and focus on having enough money to cover your four pillars: food, utilities, shelter, and transportation. If you have funds left over, put them in a savings account, particularly if you don’t have your emergency fund set up yet.
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Whatever happens, do not get into more debt, high interest debt will only make a bad situation worse. Consider speaking to a certified financial planner if you are unsure.
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How to recession-proof your savings

Assuming you still have your job, continue to save money and build your cash reserves. Don’t let economic downturns stop you from moving toward your economic goals. Ideally, you have your emergency savings fund set up to buffer any personal losses and cover your living expenses. This allows you to put your usual amount of savings into an interest-yielding account without any concern for “what ifs”. 
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Now is also a great time to review your budget and allocate every cent to a purpose. If there is any extra money left over, incorporate this into your savings or retirement account. If not, revise to see where you can cut spending and fill up your savings jar. 
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How to manage your stock market investments during a recession

The golden rule of managing your investments and maintaining your financial position during a recession is not to sell at a loss. Time and time again we see investors make trades based on fear, and ultimately make terrible losses while peers that left their funds in the stock market account see impressive returns once the economy has returned to normal.
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Remember: losses are only realized once you withdraw the funds from the investment vehicles. Leave them in there, as with every economic cycle in history, it will get better. And if you have the funds, consider investing a little more - stock market prices will be at “discount” lows. 
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Other valuable advice is not to make any sudden changes to your investment strategy, consider investing as a long-term approach. 
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Some long-term investors look to incorporate shares in consumer staples companies into their portfolios as a strategy to overcome market slumps. By investing in funds like the Consumer Staples Select Sector SPDR Fund or the Vanguard's Consumer Staples ETF, the hopes are that the success of these funds will offset the losses from other stocks within the portfolio.
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Avoid FUD and be prepared

Despite whatever economic situation might arise, rest assured that it shall pass. After all, if you are reading this now then you have most likely lived through several recessions before and come out on top. Don't let any worries stop you from being prepared in case of a recession, after all, these tips above on how to recession-proof your finances are your best chance of coming out on top, again. 

TradFi, eller traditionell finans, är ett uttryck som har blivit vanligt i kryptovärlden. Det syftar på centraliserade finansiella institutioner som banker och investeringbolag och används för att skilja dem från decentraliserade lösningar som kryptovalutor.

Vad innebär TradFi?

TradFi omfattar traditionella banker, finansinstitut och fintech-företag som verkar inom dagens finansiella system. Dessa aktörer är starkt centraliserade, reglerade av myndigheter och erbjuder tjänster som många är bekanta med – från sparkonton till investeringar. Det är en sektor med höga inträdeskrav och strikta processer för identitetskontroll (KYC) och penningtvätt (AML).

Exempel på TradFi är banker som JPMorgan Chase och Goldman Sachs samt moderna fintech-lösningar som PayPal och SoFi. Alla dessa aktörer hanterar transaktioner genom centraliserade system som är noggrant övervakade och reglerade.

Fördelar med det traditionella finansiella systemet

TradFi erbjuder trygghet genom att tjänsteleverantörer måste följa strikta regler och ha rätt licenser. Om något går fel finns oftast mekanismer för att lösa problem och skydda kunderna. Dessutom gör systemets regler och krav det svårt för oseriösa aktörer att komma undan med bedrägerier.

Myndigheter och TradFi-institutioner arbetar också tillsammans för att övervaka och motverka illegala aktiviteter i finansvärlden, något som är svårare i anonyma system som DeFi.

Begränsningar med TradFi

Samtidigt har TradFi sina nackdelar. De omfattande regleringarna kan bromsa innovation, och många människor har svårt att få tillgång till finansiella tjänster på grund av höga trösklar som kreditkontroller och pappersarbete.

Framöver kan vi hoppas att traditionell finans, blockchain och kryptovalutor hittar sätt att samarbeta för att skapa mer tillgängliga och effektiva lösningar för alla.

TradFi jämfört med DeFi

DeFi, eller decentraliserad finans, fungerar utan mellanhänder som banker eller myndigheter. Istället används blockchain-teknik och smarta kontrakt för att genomföra transaktioner direkt mellan användare.

En tydlig skillnad är att medan TradFi är beroende av banker för att hantera pengar, så använder DeFi blockchain-protokoll för samma ändamål. Dessutom är DeFi ofta mer öppet för fler människor eftersom det inte kräver lika många finansiella kontroller, även om säkerhet eller insats ofta behövs.

TradFi jämfört med CeFi

CeFi, eller centraliserad finans, är något av en hybrid mellan TradFi och DeFi. Det erbjuder kryptobaserade finanstjänster med en mer strukturerad och centraliserad modell. Plattformar inom CeFi kan erbjuda lösningar som liknar traditionella sparkonton, men med en modern twist.

En skillnad är att insättningar i TradFi ofta är skyddade av statliga garantier, medan det inte alltid gäller för CeFi-plattformar, vilket innebär att risken kan vara högre.

TradFi och kryptovärlden

För att hänga med i den tekniska utvecklingen behöver traditionella finansiella aktörer anpassa sig. Blockkedjor och digitala tillgångar är framtidens teknik och kan förändra sättet vi hanterar pengar på.

Det finns stora möjligheter för samarbete mellan TradFi och kryptolösningar, särskilt inom områden som utlåning och betalningar. När dessa två världar möts kan vi få ett mer innovativt och flexibelt finansiellt system.

Before you invest in any crypto projects or assets, the golden rule is to always do your own research (DYOR). Hearing about a new coin from your neighbor or cousin's friend on Facebook is great, but it still requires a sizable chunk of your own research. Before you part ways with your money in the crypto space ensure that you've weighed up both the risks and the potential, the responsibility lies with you.

Crypto investing has a track record of being volatile, so the more clued up you are on the crypto assets you invest in, the better. While market data and fundamental analysis are important, be sure to understand the basics of a project and the project's potential.

What is DYOR (do your own research) in the crypto space?

The holy grail of investing in crypto projects, DYOR has become a common abbreviation for do your own research. The phrase is used to remind crypto investors that they should conduct their own research on a crypto project thoroughly before investing any money in it.

Whether you're looking to buy crypto assets, tokens, NFTs, or in any way get involved with a crypto project, be sure to thoroughly investigate the following factors mentioned below when doing your own research. Don't be lured in by a project's fundamental analysis, ensure that you understand everything there is to know about the project. Crypto investing can have devastating consequences for uninformed investors.

The 4 dimensions of how to DYOR on a crypto project

Below we will outline the four main dimensions of conducting your own research on a new cryptocurrency. These four pillars will give crypto traders a solid understanding of what the project represents, how it's been received, and what might happen in the future. Be sure to do this before looking at any technical analysis.

Remember, doing your own research requires reading multiple sources and verifying that the information is correct. When conducting your own research you mind find some disputing information, continue looking until you have the accurate answer.

Team

First and foremost, who is the team running this project? This information is typically presented on the platform's website or in its whitepaper (it's imperative that a project has both of these).

Take a look at the size of the project team, a small team might fall apart if one of the three members leaves while an excessively large team might be a red flag if it is still in its early days.

Check the experience of the leaders on the team. Ideally, you want leaders and executives to have experience in blockchain, Web3, finance, business, computer science, or any other related fields. Also, consider whether their current titles match their experience.

Are the team entirely anonymous? This is considered a red flag as the potential for them to execute an exit run is high. Consider the leaders of the project carefully and decide whether they have the means to steer this ship in the right direction.

Tokenomics

Tokenomics refers to the factors related to the supply and demand of a coin or token. The term merges "token" and "economics" and provides a key area of study for potential investors when establishing a coin's long-term viability. Below are the main aspects of tokenomics:

• Token supply: what is the maximum supply of coins or tokens?
• Token utility: what is the purpose of the coin (does it have governance rights, does it serve a specific function)?
• Market cap: How does the coin's market cap compare to that of its competitors?
• Issuance tactics: does the project intend on conducting token burns or any related activities?
• Minting, allocation, and distribution: how are the coins minted (all at once, gradually), when launched how are the tokens distributed, do a small number of members hold a large amount, are any coins locked up that will be released to the market on a specific date?
• Trading volumes and liquidity: what kind of volumes does this coin trade and how much liquidity does it have?

Innovation

For this pillar of the project, you want to look at what problem this project is solving, and what edge it has over its competitors. It's also worth taking a look at the project's road map and whether it is delivering on its self-set milestones. No roadmap is a red flag, well-managed projects are transparent and eager to release their milestone accomplishments.

Ideally, you want to establish what solution this project is bringing to the greater industry and what competitive advantage this project holds over similar projects. Consider its weaknesses.

If you want to take things one step further, consider what the team might not be telling you, and what elements could work against the growth and success of the project.

Social

This might not seem essential, but social media platforms can offer significant insights into the project's community, achievements, and current state within the crypto space.

When conducting your crypto research check whether the project has active official social media channels, and how often these are updated.

Secondly, how big is their community both in terms of followers and engagement? Are people engaging with the platform or talking about it on their own channels? Community members can shed a big light on how the project has been received.

Lastly, what kind of discussions are being had within the community of these groups? Are people friendly and inviting, or are they blindly promoting the project and pushing "lambo" sentiments? Ideally, you want to have a space where open and honest discussions can be had and constructive criticism accepted.

Toxic communities along with shillers and abandoned channels are all red flags.

The bottom line for DYOR and crypto projects

Establishing these four dimensions of a project is important prior to investing any money. Not only does it give you the opportunity to learn about a new project, but also to become better acquainted with what is happening in the crypto space.

Through the process of conducting your own research, you might discover a viable gem or even gain access to exclusive airdrops as an early supporter. Bear markets are a great time for diving into DYOR explorations.

With inflation rates rising across the world, many are naturally looking to regain control of their funds. Affecting everyone from business owners to retirees, and even governments, inflation is the silent killer when it comes to deteriorating personal wealth. In this article, we explore what inflation is exactly, and how you can protect yourself from it. 

What is inflation?

Inflation is a term used to describe the gradual increase in the cost of goods and services in an economy, which results in the reduction of the purchasing power of your money. As goods and services rise in price, each unit of currency becomes able to buy less, thus reducing its purchasing power. Additionally to this, the rise in the cost of living tends to result in a deceleration in economic growth. 

Inflation can be felt far beyond just household goods like food. It is experienced across the board, from services like entertainment, labour, and healthcare to metals and fuel even in transportation and electricity. 

Two indexes used to measure inflation are the Consumer Price Index (CPI) and the Wholesale Price Index (WPI). CPI examines a basket of household goods and compares the overall prices to the prices registered the year before. Inflation is noted when the same amount of money cannot buy the same amount of goods as previously recorded. 

The WPI measures and tracks the price of goods at the producer or wholesale level. This observes the increases in prices from the foundation up, looking at the raw materials instead of the final product.

Following the pandemic, inflation rates have increased around the world. In some cases, inflation rates are the highest they've been in 30 years, bad news for people's savings and salaries.

According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS), the Consumer Price Index For All Urban Consumers (CPI-U) recorded a 7.5% annual increase at the end of January 2022, the biggest increase to date since 1982. While, according to information available through the UK equivalent, the Office for National Statistics, a 12-month increase of 6.2% was observed in March 2022.

Inflation vs interest rates

Not to be confused with one another, inflation is the increase in the cost of living while interest rates determine how much money you can earn/pay as a lender/borrower. Inflation and interest rates typically rise and fall together, with an increase in one generally creating an increase in the other.

The different types of inflation

There are three main types of inflation which are categorised as demand-pull inflation, cost-push inflation, and built-in inflation. Below we outline the differences between the three.

Demand-pull Inflation

Demand-pull inflation is when an increased supply of money leads to an increased demand for goods and services at a pace faster than the economy's production capacity. The increased demand and limited supply result in price rises. 

Cost-push Inflation

Cost-push inflation is the result of increased costs of raw materials and production processes, leading to an increased price in the final product and other consumer prices. 

Built-in Inflation

Built-in inflation is created by a wage-price spiral where consumer prices rise leading workers to demand higher wages which in turn increases consumer prices. 

How to manage funds and navigate inflation

Inflation is an inevitable part of life, however, there are still ways in which one can protect their funds from deteriorating in value. 

Invest in stocks

Stock markets provide much better returns than traditional interest-bearing savings accounts. While managing the stock market is a relatively complicated endeavour and requires more energy, stocks, and ETFs can earn up to 7% annual returns which would both increase your capital and beat inflation.

Invest in property

Property prices tend to increase in value over time. While they require a substantial payment of capital, these can pay off in the long run. 

Invest in commodities

Precious metals like gold and silver, as well as agricultural products and energy resources, offer potential opportunities for preserving wealth during economic uncertainties.

In Conclusion

Managing inflation is integral to maintaining financial stability. Inflation is an inevitable part of the modern economy, however, there are ways to minimize its effects on your savings. Stocks, property, and commodities are all viable options to ensure your personal wealth is protected and growing. 

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The Sandbox is a pioneer in the movement to incorporate blockchain technology into the gaming sector. Created in 2011, The Sandbox is an play-to-earn game that allows users to be both creators and players, with the ability to monetize their in-game assets and earn SAND tokens.

Powered by the SAND token, the Sandbox’s native token serves as the foundation for all transactions and interactions. SAND tokens can be obtained by playing games, selling digital assets on the Sandbox Marketplace, participating in competitions, or buying it through a reliable exchange. 

What is the Sandbox platform?

The Sandbox is an Ethereum-based play-to-earn gaming ecosystem and metaverse that allows players to create, share, and monetize in-world assets and gaming experiences. The platform combines the powers of decentralized autonomous organizations (DAO), DeFi and non-fungible tokens (NFTs).

The Sandbox metaverse offers players a space to interact with one another and the games they have created.

The Sandbox is made up of three main components: 

1. VoxEdit, which allows users to create and animate 3D objects in the metaverse (i.e. animals, people, tools, etc). These are known as ASSETS and utilize the ERC-1155 token standard which allows both fungible and non-fungible (NFTs) to be minted at the same time. 
2. The Sandbox Game Maker, where users can create 3D games for free.
3. The Sandbox Marketplace, where users can sell their ASSETS for SAND tokens. 

Who created The Sandbox?

Initially developed as a mobile gaming platform by Pixowl in 2011, The Sandbox was intended to be a competitor to Minecraft. It quickly grew very popular and soon had more than 40 million downloads worldwide. However, in 2018, the co-founders Arthur Madrid and Sebastien Borget decided to explore the potential of creating a 3D metaverse on the blockchain.

The new and improved platform allows users to truly own their creations, in the form of NFTs, and earn rewards while participating in the ecosystem. The Sandbox team introduced the new Sandbox project in 2020 and it became one of the fastest-growing games in the cryptocurrency world, alongside Axie Infinity and Decentraland. 

The following year the platform raised $93 million and attracted over 50 reputable partnerships, including CryptoKitties, Snoop Dogg and The Walking Dead. 

How does The Sandbox work?

The Sandbox is a dynamic virtual world filled with user-generated content. Players can create and develop their own NFTs, including avatars, virtual goods, and even games, using the platform's VoxEdit and Game Maker. They can also interact with other players as well as monetize these NFTs by selling them on the Sandbox Marketplace, fueled by the SAND token.

The Sandbox's VoxEdit

VoxEdit offers artists and players user-friendly software to create, rig, and animate NFTs. The NFTs are in voxel format, square 3D pixels that look like lego blocks, which can quickly be edited to create different shapes. Users can design and create everything from animals and game tools to avatar-oriented weapons and clothing to any goods that you can use in The Sandbox. 

All these virtual goods can then be exported and traded as NFTs on the Sandbox Marketplace for SAND token.

The Sandbox's Game Maker

The Game Maker is designed to allow users to test their 3D game creations within the metaverse. With no prior coding experience needed, the program allows users to design and organize various objects and elements in a space called LAND (including the VoxEdit NFTs).

The Game Maker allows users to curate quests, place buildings, and characters, edit terrains, etc. Users can then share their designs with the greater community or sell them on the Sandbox Marketplace.

The Sandbox Marketplace

The Sandbox ecosystem has its very own NFT marketplace was launched in April 2021 and creates a space where users can trade ASSETS (in-game assets) with the native token, the SAND token.

The ASSETS (NFTs) can be anything from wearables to buildings to entities, and can then be used within the platform in the Sandbox game and incorporated into LAND to create unique games using the Game Maker. The Sandbox's marketplace is accessible to all users on the platform.

What are SAND tokens?

Sandbox, referred to as SAND, is an ERC-20 token with a supply of 3 billion. The token functions as a utility token, governance token, and can be used for staking.

SAND as a utility token facilitates all interactions and transactions within the Sandbox ecosystem. In order to take part in the activities available on the platform, from playing the games to buying LAND, trading ASSETS or customizing avatars, users will need to own SAND. The LAND tokens are ERC-721 tokens while ASSETS are user-generated NFTs.

The native token also functions as a governance token within the Sandbox ecosystem, allowing SAND token holders to vote on changes made on the platform through the Sandbox DAO (Decentralized Autonomous Organization) structure. 

Lastly, the token can be staked on the platform, allowing holders to earn rewards and a share in the revenue from all SAND transactions. Staking offers the bonus advantage of allowing users to increase their chances of finding valuable game resources designed to boost ASSETS' rarity, known as GEMs and CATALYSTs. These are valuable when looking to create assets and play games.

There are two ways to acquire SAND: either through playing games and contests in The Sandbox, or by purchasing it on a cryptocurrency platform like Tap.

How can I buy the SAND token?

For those looking to incorporate The Sandbox into their crypto portfolios, or simply enter the metaverse gaming sector, we have great news. The Tap app has recently added SAND to the list of supported currencies, allowing anyone with a Tap account to easily and conveniently access The Sandbox market. 

Users can buy SAND by using balances in either their crypto or fiat wallets or with your debit card, you can also buy the cryptocurrency with traditional payment options like bank transfers. Through the integrated wallets on the platform, users can also store and manage their SAND holdings easily and conveniently. 

If you know anything about the NFT craze in the cryptosphere, you’ve likely heard of the wildly successful Bored Ape Yacht Club (BAYC). Expanding on this concept is the ApeCoin ecosystem, a cryptocurrency positioning itself at the forefront of Web3. ApeCoin is controlled by the ApeCoin DAO, a decentralized autonomous organization of which all APE holders can become a part.

What is the ApeCoin ecosystem?

ApeCoin is an ERC-20 utility and governance token used within the APE ecosystem. The founding roots of ApeCoin lie in the NFT series Bored Ape Yacht Club (BAYC), a creation by Web3 company Yuga Labs. 

Enjoying viral success and arguably one of the most successful NFT collections to date, the 10,000 unique BAYC cartoon drawings earned cult status when their prices soared and big celebrities started buying them. To date, the most expensive BAYC NFT sold for a staggering $3.4 million.

ApeCoin, the fungible token, and a number of products and services make up the ApeCoin ecosystem. The coin is governed by the ApeCoin DAO, of which all token holders are eligible to become members. The ApeCoin DAO makes decisions on matters such as governance rules, partnerships, projects, Ecosystem Fund allocations, and more. The Ecosystem Fund supports community-driven initiatives and was allocated 62% of the ApeCoin supply when launched. 

In April 2022, Yuga Labs started minting virtual land in their Otherside metaverse, using ApeCoin for payment. ApeCoin is used to facilitate all transactions taking place in this virtual world.

Who created ApeCoin?

ApeCoin was created by Yuga Labs, inspired by the Bored Ape Yacht Club project. Supported by the Ape Foundation, ApeCoin is governed by the ApeCoin DAO which creates a framework for permissionless governance processes. These decentralized authoritative frameworks are designed to create a fair and inclusive ecosystem in which the coin can flourish. 

Within the Ape Foundation is an administrative council known as the "Board" which is responsible for implementing the decisions made by the ApeCoin DAO members. This Board is voted in by the ApeCoin DAO members on an annual basis and is not controlled by Yuga Labs. 

How does ApeCoin work?

ApeCoin grants holders access to exclusive games and services within the Ape Ecosystem and can be used for transaction purposes on the Otherside metaverse. It also acts as a tool in which third-party developers can tap into the Ape Ecosystem by incorporating APE into their own projects, games, and services. 

Animoca Brands, for instance, created a play-to-earn (P2E) game called Benji Bananas that utilizes ApeCoin, incentivizing and rewarding players with APE. 

From a governance perspective, holders of APE can become members of the ApeCoin DAO which vote on decisions impacting the ecosystem's functioning and growth. This might include anything from which partnerships the ecosystem should pursue to how funds are allocated. These decisions are then implemented by the ApeCoin Foundation, the 5-member Board acting as the DAO's legal representative. 

What are APE tokens?

ApeCoin (APE) is an ERC-20 token compatible with the Ethereum blockchain and any supported wallet. The coin was launched in March 2022, with all 1 billion tokens minted at once. When minted, 62% of the coins were allocated to the Ecosystem Fund which are then allocated to community-based projects based on Ape DAO decisions. 30.25% were released into circulation for the community to engage with. 

How can I buy the APE token?

If you’d like to become an ApeCoin holder or incorporate APE into your investment portfolio you can do so easily with the Tap mobile app. Through your account, you can gain access to the APE market using a range of supported crypto and fiat currencies. 

When loading your account with fiat, all bank transfers are free, and once you have a positive balance, users can use the funds to pay bills both within and outside of the crypto service ecosystem directly from the app. Buy, sell, store and trade APE from the secure location of your Tap app. 

A platform every sports fan needs to know about, Chiliz is the number one place to go for sports-related fan tokens. CHZ is the token behind the platform, and the platform is the gateway for fans to tap into unique experiences with their favorite sports team. 

What Is The Chiliz Network?

Chiliz is the company that owns Socios.com, CHZ is the token that fuels the platform. Through the Socios NFT marketplace, traders can buy their favorite fan tokens, using CHZ to facilitate all transactions. 

Built on Ethereum, Chiliz provides users with an opportunity to buy branded NFT tokens using the ERC-20 and BEP-20 CHZ tokens. Fans can also earn NFTs through contests or exchange them for team-specific merchandise and benefits. Some fan tokens reward fans with access to meet the players and vote on club decisions. The platform currently supports over 50 different sports and entertainment-specific fan tokens.

Leveraging blockchain technology, Socios directly engages fans with the team/entertainer, a step up from just watching games or buying team merchandise. Chiliz allows each team that partners with them to design unique experiences for their Fan Token holders. These Fans Tokens also give the holder sway over decisions usually left up to the team, like what songs play when a goal is scored, new uniform designs, and even which players start in some games.

Additionally, Chiliz helps sports franchises make money from fans in new ways, while providing unique experiences to their most loyal supporters.

Who Created The Chiliz Network?

Chiliz was founded in 2012 by Alexander Dreyfus, its acting CEO. The company falls under the Mediarex Group, an international sports and entertainment organization, and holds esteemed partners including Sam Li, former Vice President of the NBA, Nicolas Maurer, CEO of esports team Vitality, and Dr. DisRespect, one of the world’s largest video game streamers.

In 2018, the blockchain-based Socios platform was launched, alongside the CHZ token. Following funding of $66 million by Private Placement in 2019, the platform launched its website and app. Today, the company also has offices in France, Turkey, Spain, South Korea, and Brazil.

How Does The Chiliz Network Work?

The CHZ token can be used on both the Ethereum blockchain as an ERC20 token and on the Binance Smart Chain as a BEP2 token. Fans looking to engage on the platform can buy CHZ tokens from Chiliz.net, the platform's own exchange, or from other cryptocurrency platforms like Tap.

Users can then purchase Fan Tokens using CHZ from the Socios marketplace. The platform supports a wide range of sporting teams, from Formula 1 teams to FC Barcelona to Golden State Warriors basketball team. Each team that partners with the platform can dictate the fan tokens prices, distribution and supply as well as unique opportunities they wish to give to fans. Based on the token's performance, they can be burned in order to make a winning team's tokens more valuable. 

As an example of the privileges offered with fan tokens: for eight years, the Juventus soccer club played Chelsea Dagger in the stadium whenever the team scored a goal. Recently, however, fan token holders chose Blur's Song 2 as the new victory song, and Juventus made the switch. The more fan tokens one holds, the bigger their vote.

The blockchain network is built on Ethereum and uses a Socios sidechain to create and verify all fan tokens. This process utilizes the Proof of Authority (PoA) consensus mechanism which relies on a small group of authorized verifiers. This consensus model leans towards business structures looking to be scalable and efficient.

Chiliz is also partnered with the decentralized oracle network Chainlink, through which it creates unique non-fungible tokens (NFTs). These NFTs are used to celebrate special events such as championships or player milestones.

What Is CHZ?

CHZ is compatible with both the Ethereum and Binance Smart Chain platforms. The token is used as a medium of exchange on the Socios platform, allowing fans to buy Fan Tokens. 

There is a maximum supply of 8,888,888,888 CHZ in existence, and at the time of writing roughly 70% are in circulation. 

Where Can I Get CHZ?

Users can simply buy /sell CHZ through the Tap app, one of the most secure solutions in the crypto space. Using a range of cryptocurrencies and fiat currencies on offer, users can exchange any of the supported currencies to build a healthy portfolio that can be safely stored in the unique wallet linked to the account. Find links to download the app from the Tap website.

MKR, the governance token fueling the network, comes from the same platform that created DAI, the algorithmic stablecoin soft-pegged to the US dollar. MKR serves both the decentralized autonomous organization, MakerDAO, and the software platform, Maker Protocol, both built on the Ethereum blockchain. These two platforms generate DAI and allow users to issue and manage the DAI stablecoin. 

What is Maker (MKR)?

Developed in 2015 and officially launched in December 2017, Maker is a revolutionary project that was built to host and generate DAI, a community-managed cryptocurrency that has its value soft pegged to the US dollar. The MakerDAO forms part of the larger Maker Protocol which allows DAI to maintain its value and operate without the need for a third party. The Maker Protocol requires both tokens to operate: DAI and MKR. 

To understand MKR, one must first be familiar with the DAI stablecoin. DAI serves as a loan option for borrowers, with the platform allowing users to take out a loan in DAI tokens by locking another cryptocurrency, such as ETH. When the borrower pays back the DAI that was borrowed, they are able to reclaim the collateral used for their loan. However, if its value drops below a predefined level it could automatically be sold off.

The Maker ecosystem is one of the first DeFi projects to enter the market, years before the movement took off. The DeFi sector revolves around providing decentralized financial products powered by smart contracts to the masses. 

Though the DAI stablecoin is best known as a service offered by the Maker Protocol, the MKR token is actually the crypto asset that secures changes to maintain its functioning. The governance token MKR gives holders voting rights over the Maker Protocol's development, such as what cryptocurrencies can be accepted as collateral and the price at which these assets will be sold if liquidation is to occur. The MKR price appreciates in value based on the success of DAI. 

The Maker protocol accepts a range of cryptocurrencies, including ETH, MANA, and BAT, as collateral.

Who created the Maker platform?

Established in 2015, the Maker Protocol was developed by a team of tech-savvy developers spearheaded by Rune Christensen. As time progressed, this collective eventually organized and formed into an official entity known as the Maker Foundation, a corporation located in the Cayman Islands.

In 2017, the Maker team raised a remarkable $12 million in funding by selling MKR tokens to some of the most influential venture capital firms at the time including Andreessen Horowitz, Polychain Capital, and 1Confirmation. A year later, another $15 million worth of MKR tokens were bought by Andreessen Horowitz, who expressed the intention to help govern the DAI system by participating in the MakerDAO. 

In 2019, the project raised another $27.5 million from venture firms Paradigm and Dragonfly Capital Partners for expansion to Asia. 

How does the Maker Protocol work?

When the Maker Protocol launched, 1 million MKR tokens were created. These tokens gave holders voting rights on key decisions through a process called Executive Voting.

First, the sentiment of MKR holders is measured on a new proposal through Proposal Polling before committing any changes to the software. The Executive Vote then takes place, and once the highest amount of MKR token holders commits to a proposal and the vote is passed, the winning proposal is implemented into the Maker Protocol. The number of tokens holds more president than the number of token holders, i.e. 10 holders with 1,000 tokens each will outvote 100 token holders with 50 tokens each. 

Non-MKR holders also have the opportunity to participate in the vote via threads in the MakerDAO forum however the MKR holders have the final say.

DAI Savings Rate

MKR holders also have a say in how much DAI holders can earn if they save DAI tokens on the platform, known as the DAI Savings Rate. In previous years this amount has varied between 0% and 8.75%. Following the recent market crash, MKR holders voted to make the DAI Savings Rate zero to encourage holders to sell their DAI and bring the price back into equilibrium.

When the DAI price drops below $1, MKR holders can vote to raise the DAI Savings Rate to encourage more users to hold DAI which increases the price.

What is MKR?

MKR is an ERC-20 token and acts as a governance and utility token to the Maker Protocol with no fixed supply. The token gains value as the use of the Maker Protocol increases as the supply is reduced when the Protocol is working effectively and increased when governed poorly. MKR tokens are created or destroyed through surplus auctions and debt auctions.

Surplus Auctions

The Maker system holds a Surplus Auction when the fees collected exceed an amount decided by MKR holders. DAI that surpasses this threshold must be purchased with MKR in order to settle the auction. This MKR is then destroyed reducing the total supply and thus increasing the token price.

Debt Auctions

Conversely, if the Maker system is underperforming its locked coins are sold for a lower value than before, causing it to raise capital via a Debt Auction. Through this process, new MKR tokens are created and auctioned for DAI. This in turn increases the MKR tokens and reduces the price. 

In this light, MKR holders are incentivized to keep the platform performing optimally in order for it to generate more fees and thereby reduce the MKR supply.

How can I buy Maker (MKR) tokens?

Anyone looking to add Maker MKR tokens to their crypto portfolio can securely purchase Maker tokens through the Tap app. The mobile app allows anyone with an account to conveniently and safely purchase cryptocurrencies through an effortless trading experience. 

Users can buy /sell Maker MKR tokens using both crypto or fiat currencies, and safely store the tokens in the unique crypto wallet integrated into the app. Download the Tap app today to tap into the Maker ecosystem today.

We are delighted to announce the listing and support of Maker (MKR) on Tap!

MKR is now available for trading on the Tap mobile app. You can now Buy, Sell, Trade or hold MKR for any of the other asset supported on the platform without any pair boundaries. Tap is pair agnostic, meaning you can trade any asset for any other asset without having to worries if a "trading pair" is available.

We believe supporting MKR will provide value to our users. We are looking forward to continue supporting new crypto projects with the aim of providing access to financial power and freedom for all.

MKR, the governance token fueling the network, comes from the same platform that created DAI, the algorithmic stablecoin soft-pegged to the US dollar. MKR serves both the decentralized autonomous organization, MakerDAO, and the software platform, Maker Protocol, both built on the Ethereum blockchain. These two platforms generate DAI and allow users to issue and manage the DAI stablecoin.

MKR is an ERC-20 token and acts as a governance and utility token to the Maker Protocol with no fixed supply. The token gains value as the use of the Maker Protocol increases as the supply is reduced when the Protocol is working effectively and increased when governed poorly. MKR tokens are created or destroyed through surplus auctions and debt auctions.

Get to know more about Maker (MKR) in our dedicated article here.

UNI is the native token to the Ethereum-based automated crypto exchange, Uniswap. A prominent contender in the DeFi space, Uniswap has become synonymous with decentralised exchanges and the automated trading of decentralised finance (DeFi) tokens.

Covering everything from its growth to rewards to its supply, learn about the leading cryptocurrency linked to the automated market maker. 

What Is Uniswap (UNI)?

As mentioned above, Uniswap is a decentralised exchange that facilitates the automated trading of DeFi assets. Decentralised in nature, all trading is facilitated by crypto smart contracts as opposed to employees at a company managing operations, a level up from the decentralised ideology of Bitcoin.

Uniswap was created to provide liquidity to the DeFi industry and allows anyone to create a liquidity pool for any pair of digital assets. After launching in late 2018, the platform experienced an unexpected boom when the DeFi movement exploded. Despite being a technical process, customers and traders around the world joined in on the action.

Following the DeFi phenomenon of increased liquidity mining and yield farming platforms, the automated market maker (AMM) saw a significant increase in the tokens invested in and traded on the platform. 

Competing with centralised exchanges, Uniswap provides a trading platform to anyone, without the need for any identity verification or credentials. With no KYC verification, users can swap a wide range of tokens depending on the liquidity pools available.

Who created Uniswap?

Created by Hayden Adams, an Ethereum developer, Uniswap was designed to introduce AMMs to the Ethereum network. Adams worked closely with Ethereum founder, Vitalik Buterin, as he built and implemented the protocol. 

Adams states that he was inspired to create the platform following a post by Buterin himself. In a short amount of time, this protocol became one of the biggest disruptors to the financial market.

How does Uniswap work?

A unique element of the platform is the advent of the Constant Product Market Maker Model. This pricing mechanism works in a way that instead of determining the price of a token by connecting a buyer with a seller, the price is determined by a constant equation (x multiplied by y = k).  

In order to add a token to Uniswap, users would need to fund it with the equivalent value of ETH and the ERC-20 token in question. Say, for instance, that you wanted to add a token to Uniswap called FIRE. You would need to launch a new Uniswap smart contract for the token FIRE and also create a liquidity pool that holds the same amount of FIRE and ETH. 

In this case, x in the equation would equal the number of ETH while y equals the number of FIRE in the liquidity pool. K represents the constant value, using the balance of supply and demand to determine the value. As someone buys FIRE using ETH, the FIRE supply decreases and the ETH supply increases, thus driving up the price of FIRE. 

The platform allows any ERC-20 token to be traded, with an easy means of creating the smart contract and liquidity pool necessary. In May 2020, Uniswap V2 was launched which allowed for direct ERC20 to ERC20 exchanges as well as support for several incompatible ERC20 tokens like OmiseGo (OMG) and Tether (USDT). 

In order to trade on Uniswap a user will need to have a wallet that complies with the platform, like MetaMask, Fortmatic, WalletConnect, or Portis Wallet.

How does the Uniswap token work?

Launched in September 2020, 400 governance tokens (UNI) were airdropped to each wallet that had made use of the platform before 1 September that year. 66 million of the 150 million UNI tokens distributed were claimed in the first 24 hours. 

According to the platform, Uniswap tokens were created to "officially enshrin[e] Uniswap as publicly-owned and self-sustainable infrastructure while continuing to carefully protect its indestructible and autonomous qualities."

Providing both profitability potential and governance rights, holders of the digital asset have the right to vote in how the platform develops, unifying the protocol's authority and cutting out the middleman. This grants holders immediate ownership of a number of Uniswap initiatives including the UNI community treasury, eth ENS, the protocol fee switch, SOCKS liquidity tokens and the Uniswap Default List (tokens.uniswap.eth).

The launch of UNI was seen as a direct retaliation to SushiSwap, another decentralised exchange that cloned the platform and added its own token (SUSHI). 

The digital asset is an Ethereum-based ERC-20 token and operates on the Ethereum blockchain.

What is Uniswap Version 3?

More commonly referred to as Uniswap V3, the latest version of the automated market maker was launched on 5 May 2021. This upgrade incorporated better capital efficiency for liquidity providers, improved infrastructure and enhanced execution for traders. Prior to the launch of Uniswap V3, the price of the native token reached its all-time high.

Where can I buy Uniswap (UNI)?

Users looking to incorporate Uniswap (UNI) into their crypto portfolios can do so securely and conveniently through the Tap app. Simply download the app, sign up for an account and complete the quick verification process. Once approved, users can easily load funds (both crypto and traditional fiat currencies) and buy UNI tokens. These tokens will then be stored in the user's secure UNI wallet, and can be used for a number of functions or simply held there.

When learning about paper wallets it's likely that you came across this option nestled safely in the “cold wallet” section in the different types of cryptocurrency wallets. While the popularity of paper wallets has somewhat declined, there are still a strong number of crypto enthusiasts that still appreciate the completely offline storage option. Let's explore what is a paper wallet and whether it's suited to your crypto needs.

What is a paper wallet?

For those needing a recap, a paper wallet is a piece of paper that holds both one’s public and private keys in both alphanumeric form and QR codes. Known as a non-custodial cold storage wallet, paper wallets allow the holders to manage their own private keys and remain entirely offline. A private key is a unique code that grants a user ownership of their wallet and digital funds, akin to a pin code for a bank account.

Creating paper wallets is incredibly simple, and can be completed in a matter of seconds. As a paper wallet "functions" offline, this makes them free from hackers, unlike a software wallet which is operated online. However, the paper wallet still carries its own set of risks in that the piece of paper cannot get damaged or lost.  Many Bitcoin paper wallets have been lost due to the paper fading or the information becoming illegible.

The objective of keeping a paper wallet is to keep the private key safe whether its for a Bitcoin paper wallet or one designed to hold any other cryptocurrency. Each crypto wallet will be designed to store one specific cryptocurrency.

The term Bitcoin wallet is a generic term for any type of crypto wallet, whether a paper wallet, a software wallet or any type of online wallet or hot wallet. The only distinguishing factor is that the digital wallet only holds Bitcoin.

Precautions for using paper wallets

While storing the paper wallet securely in a safe location makes the top of the list here, other precautions to take are listed below:

Quality printer

Always use a good quality printer. Ensure that your paper wallet is printed with a high-quality inkjet printed to ensure that the characters on the paper don’t fade or bleed over time. Should this happen you could lose access to your funds. 

Don’t share private keys

Never share your private keys with anyone. Paper wallets are designed to show the public key QR code on one side and the private key on the other. When sharing your public key with someone be sure not to accidentally share the private key as then they could gain access to your funds. 

Be sure to set up a change address

If you don't set up a change address before sending funds from a paper wallet, the leftover funds will go to waste. A change address is a separate wallet address that picks up the change from a transaction. 

If you have, for example, 100 BTC in your Bitcoin paper wallet and only spend 0.50 BTC, the remaining  99.5 BTC will either be sent to the change address or lost from your own paper wallet entirely. 

Paper wallets are not designed to be used for sending funds, but instead for receiving and storing funds for the long term. Hot wallets (as opposed to paper wallets) are better suited to users looking to frequently send and receive funds. There are plenty of crypto wallets on the market, ensure that you find the most convenient one for you.

Alternatively, funds can be stored in a yield-generating account where your funds can earn interest. Tap offers a wallet of this nature conveniently located on the app, which allows users to hold several crypto and fiat currencies and earn rewards based on each currency. The longer the funds remain there, the higher the yield.

While paper wallets remain offline, there are still risks associated with them. Be sure to adhere to the above precautions in order to keep your funds safe. 

Are paper wallets still relevant?

In the early days of crypto trading, paper wallets were strongly advised due to the offline safety of storing private keys. They began to be popular around the end of 2010 but unfortunately have been on a decline in more recent years as innovation in the industry has picked up momentum. A paper wallet is resistant to online attacks as long as it's made correctly; you can't hack a piece of paper.

In the past, people could create and print paper wallets for their crypto right from their exchange accounts. But now experts believe that hardware wallets are a more secure option, so most major exchanges don't offer this service anymore.

While some die-hard crypto traders still believe in the solid security of paper wallets, there are plenty of more innovative options available on the market today. 

With rising inflation rates and economic downturns around the world, there's plenty of speculation that we're headed for another global recession. While the media tends to paint the darkest picture, it's always worth being prepared. In this article we're providing five action points you can do now to ensure that your finances remain recession-proof.

The National Bureau of Economic Research defines a recession as “a significant decline in economic activity that is spread across the economy and that lasts more than a few months. It's worth noting that these are a natural part of the economic cycle and are completely unavoidable. The best thing you can do is be educated and prepared with a reliable plan in place to overcome any economic downturn.

According to a study conducted by Empower and Personal Capital, 74% of consumers in the U.S. are concerned over an impending recession. While some analysts believe the recession has already started, Goldman Sachs has predicted there is a 30% chance of one materializing while UBS has forecast "no recession".

Whichever side of the fence you sit on, it can't hurt to be prepared. While it sounds dark and gloomy, we're here to help you prepare for a recession.
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Anxious about an incoming recession?
Here are 5 steps to get yourself recession ready

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1. Try to eradicate debt

The first step of most financial plans, paying off high-interest debt is a valuable practice. The recent increase in interest rates by the Federal Reserve has seen credit card rates rise over 17% for the first time in two years. Analysts are predicting that these interest rates will continue to rise in the coming months. Avoid credit card debt and the high-interest rates associated with them.

If you are carrying high-interest-rate debt, your best port of call would be to strategically manage this, with the intention to pay it off as soon as possible. With recessions oftentimes come job cuts, and if this happens to you paying off your debt now will be a worthy exercise. Known that in times of recession, interest rates will increase.

2. Lessen your expenses

Consider your monthly living expenses and what you spend money on and see where you can make cuts in order to prepare for the "worst case scenario". Consider what would happen if you were to receive a lower salary, if you were to lose your job, or if you were suddenly faced with an emergency (more on emergency savings next).

While these can take place at any stage, having a plan will help you to be prepared should you come face to face with this. Monitoring your monthly expenses is, either way, a great opportunity to stay on top of your finances and improve your financial situation.

3. Establish your emergency savings fund (and bulk it up)

If you haven't already done so, establish an emergency fund. Financial advisors define an emergency fund as three to six months' worth of living expenses. This emergency fund is to be used for unexpected expenses like home repairs, a car issue, a medical emergency etc. This is separate from your retirement account, and acts as a cash cushion should you need it.

As you prepare for a recession, it's advised to bulk up your emergency fund to be at least six months' worth of expenses/salary. This personal budget will act as your financial safety net should you need it, a rainy day fund. For bonus points, try to keep this in interest-generating savings accounts. 

4. Update your resume

In the unfortunate event of losing your job in a recession, it will bode well to build your resume up before the time so that you can immediately start searching for a new job. During recessions, the job-seeking market tends not to favor job seekers so being prepared beforehand may work out to be to your advantage.

Alternatively, if you were considering advancing your education or going back to school, this could be a prime time to do so. This will not only improve your chances of employment in the future but also allow you time to emerge when the job market is more favorable.

5. Stick to long-term investment plans

In times of recessions it might seem tempting to cut back on retirement savings or pull investments, but try to hold strong. These investments are for the long term and will lose significant value if pulled prematurely, especially in the crypto and stock market.

Focus on managing your emotions and consider the long-term benefits. After the recession moves into its next economic phase would you rather have your long-term investment in place, or have to start again? Especially if your investments are linked to a retirement portfolio. For ease of mind, know that historical data proves that a bull market lasts longer than a bear market.

Whether you're invested in crypto, gold, or the stock market, stick to your long-term strategy and don't be tempted to make decisions based on fear, they rarely turn out to be good ones.‍
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Closing thoughts on surviving economic downturn

Recessions tend to carry a lot of fear mongering news, however, did you know that the recession in 2020 only lasted for two months? While they're times of little to no economic growth, they are just as quickly corrected and allow new innovations, services, and economic activity to ignite. Consider it a breeding ground for new opportunities.
Use the time beforehand to prepare for a recession by managing your expenses, freeing yourself from high-interest rates, and building an appropriate savings account to see you through. If in doubt, consider speaking to a financial advisor who can professionally guide you in building a solid financial plan. 



Disclaimer: This article is intended for communication purposes only, you should not consider any such information, opinions or other material as financial advice. This communication should be read in conjunction with Tap’s Terms and Conditions.

Whether you're trying to navigate the world of Crypto Twitter or preparing for Web 3.0, understanding the lingo is imperative to understanding the information available and fitting in. You might be very familiar with the English language, but don't let that fool you, crypto slang on social media is a language of its own.

While you might be familiar with concepts such as mining and smart contract, here we upgrade you to the next level of crypto jargon content. Below we run you through the 20 biggest acronyms and terms you need to learn when embarking on your Crypto Twitter journey. Good luck!

20 Top crypto terms and acronyms

Apeing In 

Apeing in refers to buying a token or more commonly an NFT right after launch without doing the necessary research. Also sometimes expressed as "I aped", this is usually a result of being fearful you're going to miss out on potential gains. Always DYOR. 

Bag Holder 

This term refers to an investor that is holding a cryptocurrency or NFT that they cannot sell for a higher price, and cannot sell at the current price (as it is too low). While this isn't entirely negative, it's not very positive either. Bag holders will simply need to wait out the market dip.

BUIDL

First made famous by Ethereum founder, Vitalik Buterin in 2018, buidl is an obvious typo of the word build and refers to "build useful stuff". The concept revolves around developers utilizing blockchain technology, to hopefully, provide a solution to the industry as a whole. 

BTFD 

Standing for Buy The F** Dip, BTFD has been described as a "prominent investment lesson". Buying the dip is when investors accumulate cryptocurrency during a bear market when the prices are trading at less than their value. Quoting Warren Buffet, "be fearful when others are greedy, and greedy when others are fearful."

DAO

DAO stands for decentralized autonomous organization and acts as a form of venture capital funding, replacing a board of directors with open-source coding. Operating entirely automatically, everyone is granted ownership and is involved in the decision-making. DAO essentially describes the structure of Web 3.0 companies. 

dApps

You may be familiar with this term already, decentralized applications are any digital apps built on top of a blockchain network. Instead of operating off of a centralized computer system, dapps harness the power of blockchain and are maintained and operated by the network on which they're built. 

Ethereum, Solana and Cardano are popular platforms on which developers built their dapps, with no limit to what industry these dapps can be built for, from payments to entertainment to supply chain management.

Diamond Hands

This term refers to an investor who will never sell. Diamond hands push through the losses, gains and volatility, resisting the dips and the peaks. These are hardcore hodlers who strongly believe in a project's vision. 

DeFi

Another term you're likely to have come across is decentralized finance, DeFi. DeFi is a sector of the crypto industry that provides traditional financial products and services only using blockchain technology, like lending, borrowing and providing liquidity. The aim of DeFi products is to remove the centralized nature of banking and make things more accessible to the masses. PancakeSwap, Aave and The Graph are examples of DeFi platforms. 

Degen

Degen is short for degenerate risk-taker, someone who makes highly risky bets without due diligence. While this is typically frowned upon in the real world, in the crypto world this is a badge of honour. Being a degen and making money fast is the ultimate flex. We still recommend that you DYOR beyond just the project's website. 

DYOR

Possibly the most important phrase when it comes to investing in cryptocurrencies and NFTs: always do your own research. Never follow anyone's advice blindly, no matter how much money they've made, instead always look into a project before investing in it. DYOR takes a firm stand in reminding you that you are accountable and responsible for your investment choices. 

GMI

A term of endearment in the crypto space, GMI stands for Gonna Make It, used to reassure someone that they're on the right track. Often thrown around on Twitter and Discord, GMI offers someone an affirmation in their decisions. 

On that note, NGMI stands for Not Gonna Make It. Usually used when someone makes a mistake or does something crazy, or when someone makes ignorant comments about the crypto space when they know little about it. It can be brutal out there, but DYOR and you'll be ok.  

Genesis Collection

Similar to how the first block on a blockchain is referred to as the genesis block, a genesis collection is the first NFT collection created by an artist. Buying items from a genesis collection is a symbol of early support and usually comes with some added benefits. Following the transaction for the digital currency, holders might be treated to early releases, insider info or concert tickets.

HODL

While we're familiar with what HODL refers to (holding onto a cryptocurrency for a long time in order to tap into possible future gains), many might not be aware that it has been gifted an acronym of its own. We say gifted because the term originated from a typo in a Bitcoin forum. HODL has affectionately been expanded to Hold On for Dear Life, encouragement for when markets dip and weak hands consider selling.

Metaverse

A hot topic at the moment, but do you know what it means? The metaverse refers to an alternative reality that exists in the digital realm. This digital space allows users to work, play, socialize and do business, interacting with others as they do. The metaverse can be described as a combination of VR (virtual reality), AR (augmented reality) and 3D worlds.  

NFT 

This is a big one. It stands for Non-Fungible Tokens and refers to anything that someone can create store and sell on the blockchain but is not fungible. Each NFT is unique and cannot be used interchangeably like most other cryptocurrencies. Also note that an NFT is a token standard and can be built on various blockchains, while ETH for instance is the native token to Ethereum and cannot be used by other blockchains. 

Shill

Shill refers to someone promoting a particular cryptocurrency to create excitement for it, usually to their own financial benefit. The purpose of shilling a coin is to generate hype that will hopefully lead to mass buying. Most platforms frown against shilling as it's essentially part of the same family tree as pump and dumps. 

Paper Hands 

The opposite of diamond hands, paper hands are quick to sell, often too early. Giving in to pressure and volatility, paper hands sell when the financial risk is too high (as opposed to waiting out the dip). 

P2E

P2E stands for play to earn and is a concept in gaming where players can earn an in-game asset that holds value outside of that ecosystem. Axie Infinity, for example, is a game in which users can earn AXS, which is traded on many big exchanges. Gods Unchained and Evaverse are other P2E games.

RUG

Sometimes referred to as a "rug pull", rug is used to describe a situation where the founders of a project run away with the raised funds. These scams are not uncommon in the unregulated world of cryptocurrencies, however, they have become much fewer and far between since the earlier days. Their actions often send the crypto price plummeting to zero and cause huge losses among investors. 

When it comes to navigating the cryptocurrency markets, staying informed and staying away from FUD can oftentimes be more complicated than one might imagine. In this article, we're going to guide you through how to recognize FUD in the blockchain space and how to avoid it. 

Since Bitcoin entered the scene in 2009, the crypto markets have seen their fair share of ups and downs. Although it's true that each market downturn has been followed by a recovery and considerable development, experienced and novice traders alike may find that times of decline are difficult to navigate. Particularly with the rise in FUD.

Before we cover the tools of the trade to recognize and avoid FUD, let's first cover what FUD is exactly.

What is FUD?

FUD in the cryptocurrency realm stands for Fear, Uncertainty and Doubt. This term is used to refer to inaccurate information released by people who wish to manipulate the markets. Releasing FUD content is intended to influence a trader to make decisions that might affect the cryptocurrency's price or their holdings in some way (usually encouraging them to sell).

While commonly used against Bitcoin, Ethereum and other cryptocurrencies are also targeted. FUD typically leads to investors selling off their coins, leading to a panic sell which snowballs and results in a significant loss in value for the coin. 

Often mentioned alongside FUD is the term FOMO, Fear Of Missing Out. FOMO is centered around the fear of people missing out on profits, leading them to make quick decisions that aren't necessarily the best ones. While FUD tends to instigate selling an asset, FOMO tends to drive traders to buy an asset. Essentially, these two terms are designed to tap into human emotions that lead to quick decisions. 

FUD is typically released through a rumor published on a well-respected website, a negative news item, or a well-known figure expressing concerns about a certain asset (commonly done over Twitter ). Content surrounding FUD and FOMO tend to be from organizations or individuals that have something to gain from the intended action. The content is designed to strongly influence the reader. 

FUD and FOMO aren't strictly related to the crypto market, such tactics have also been witnessed in the stock market and other commodity trading spaces. The jargon has become synonymous with trading. 

How to recognise FUD

The crypto community might seem tight-knit but there are often ill-actors that gain access to the trusted space and infiltrate it with bad news. This is often seen when people use a commonly discussed topic, such as regulation, to build a narrative that isn't necessarily true to influence traders. 
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Here are several tips to ensure that you don’t fall victim to FUD:

Establish a trading goal 

Before you enter the crypto market ensure that you have definitive goals, with accompanying timelines. When faced with FUD or FOMO information, consider if the resulting actions of this news will move you closer to your goal or further away. If you stay focused on your goal you are less likely to be swayed by market sentiment. 

Build a trading strategy before entering a trade

A trading strategy generally involves determining a stop loss, entry point, target sell point, and amount of capital. By establishing this before entering the trade, you will have clear objectives to follow and be less likely to fall victim to FUD-centered misinformation. 

Stay informed, but verify sources

Keeping an eye on the crypto markets and staying informed is imperative for any trader, especially day traders. Ensure that the places that you acquire your information from are reputable and legitimate, and if something sounds suspicious, verify it through a number of other sources. 

Be patient and consistent

Engaging in crypto trading involves making well-informed decisions based on market trends and supporting technology. Rather than seeking rapid financial gains, it's important to maintain patience and consistency in working toward your goals, while staying focused on your intended path.

Navigating FUD

Despite this sounding difficult, FUD is easily avoidable if you stick to these tips above and only seek information from reliable news sources. While Twitter may have quick tips, it's also hard to determine what the author's intentions are.

Consider whether something sounds accurate or not, and always conduct your own research when considering involvement in a new project. From a financial standpoint, participating in digital currency can be a profitable endeavor, so be sure to act responsibly and observe market trends with a critical perspective.

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Market manipulation can be described as any attempt to interfere with the free and fair operation of the markets. This concept has become more popular as more businesses pop up, but is very much illegal and considered by law as fraud. Not exclusive to crypto markets, various acts of market manipulation can be found across all traditional trading sectors including the stock market.

There are many ways to practice market manipulation, such as falsifying numbers to attract investors' interest leading them to invest in the company and buy stocks that they otherwise would not have. Another method of market manipulation, especially crypto market manipulation, are pump and dumps, and that's exactly what we're covering in this article. 

What are pump and dump schemes? 

The term pump and dump can be traced back to as early as the 1990s when broker Stratton Oakmont artificially inflated the price of the stock he owned. Through false advertising and misleading statements, he created positive sentiment around his stock and then sold his cheaply purchased stock at a much higher price leading to great profits. Pump and dumps can occur across any industry and is most prevalent on stock exchanges and the digital assets space.

This may have been long ago, but pump and dump schemes quickly became popular in the cryptocurrency trading sector. Funny enough, pump and dumps within crypto were driven by John McAfee, creator of McAfee software security. John McAfee was not the only person to partake in pump and dumps, but he was the leader at the time.

He created trading groups where they would discuss which project to push funds into, driving the price up, and then selling for a substantial profit. People would see the price rise 200% in 15 minutes and buy in, and that's when McAfees' army would sell. This is similar to Oakmont, where he bought cheap stock and drove up the price so he could sell it for much more. 
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Are pump and dumps a scam?

Yes, usually they are a scam that only benefits insider traders, such as pump and dump group members. Even members of pump and dump groups can fall victim to this scam, as there is even insider trading within insider trading, meaning if they don't sell soon enough they will lose funds. In the traditional financial sectors, there are laws in place to prevent this problem.

How long does a pump and dump last?

That depends on what the pump and dump groups agree on, some only last a few minutes while others can last a few hours. The duration of a pump and dump is reliant on what the group agrees to. 

Are pump and dumps illegal?

In short yes, but not as broadly as they should be. Pumps and dumps in the fiat financial world are very much illegal and could lead to jail time. In the United States, it is a crime worthy of up to 5 years of incarceration or a $250,000 US dollar fine, or both, however, laws vary in different countries. So there are clearly rules and laws in place to deter fiat or stock traders from participating in pumps and dumps, but the same can not be said for cryptocurrency trading. 

This is another great example of why governments should be more open to accepting cryptocurrency as a legitimate currency. While there are no laws against pump and dumps in cryptocurrency, it is still extremely immoral. This can be seen in comparison to fiat, where it is considered illegal, so why not do the same for cryptocurrency?

We wish we could answer this, but at the end of the day, because of the lack of regulation or even consideration around crypto, pump and dump schemes have become increasingly more popular as people hope to make a quick buck off their fellow community members. Are pump and dumps illegal in cryptocurrency? No. Should they be? Yes.

As governments around the world work to establish a regulatory framework around cryptocurrencies we can only hope that pump and dump schemes make a feature.

Has Bitcoin had a pump and dump?

No, while Bitcoin has its own share of volatility, in the years since it's gained considerable value it has not been involved in a financial scheme of this nature. As its value is so high it would take a huge amount of investors and value to alter the market to this proportion.

Which coins are pump and dumps?

Generally, pump and dump coins are low market cap coins that are susceptible to volatility, meaning any money put in makes a big difference. However, pump and dumps can happen to almost any coin, the lower market cap coins are just usually the target in the crypto space.

Closing thoughts 

Pump and dump groups are a tricky topic within the cryptocurrency space, as some people greatly gain from these market tactics. Looking at it from an outside perspective, maybe as someone who saw a coin rising and was excited to get it, only to be left in the red 10 minutes later, this can be devastating.

Aside from the victims of pump and dumps, it is illegal within the fiat financial sector and should be considered the same regardless of whether governments see cryptocurrency as legitimate tender. Again, everyone is free to make their own decisions, we are simply here to educate you on what pump and dumps are, how they work, and what to look out for.

Cryptocurrencies function much like traditional currencies in that they can be transferred digitally and used to pay for goods and services around the globe. However, they also pose several benefits that fiat currencies lack, such as the fact that they operate using a decentralized network and not a bank or government agency (providing greater control to users) and can execute international payments in a fraction of the time and cost.

While many believe cryptocurrencies will eventually replace traditional currencies, there is plenty to be done before we get there. We are sooner more likely to experience cryptocurrencies working alongside traditional currencies than entirely replacing them, a movement that is generating momentum each day. 

Before we launch into what the industry needs in order to go mainstream, let's first observe how we reached this pinnacle moment in the history of finance. 

How crypto officially got on the map

Bitcoin was created to provide an independent financial system to people that were thrown into serious debt following the global financial crisis. The digital currency was created to provide individuals with the opportunity to control their funds independently from any financial institution.

Since the advent of Bitcoin in 2009, cryptocurrencies have experienced interest from many groups of people, largely outside of mainstream media. In 2017, following a wild bull run, Bitcoin was first thrust into the mainstream media spotlight as it fast became the main topic of conversation across various news channels around the world. 

Fast forward three years to the pandemic. Following global market crashes, Bitcoin displayed impressive resistance and built its wealth back more quickly than many other assets and stock markets. This caught the eye of many large corporations, dispelling scepticism and leading one in particular to move their USD reserves into Bitcoin. Following Microstrategy's decision to buy large amounts of BTC, many other large corporations followed suit, with companies like PayPal and Square even incorporating cryptocurrencies into their systems. 

This wave of institutional investment not only increased the value of the markets but also helped to build confidence for retail investors to invest in such "risky" assets. This also played a large role in major corporations embarking on serious research and development of both blockchain technology and cryptocurrencies. 

What crypto needs

Commonly used as an investment tool, cryptocurrencies were designed to facilitate faster and more economical transactions. Operating on a peer-to-peer basis, cryptocurrencies essentially cut out the middleman (and its fees) and make digital cash more readily available. 

As with most things in life, there are two significant camps for and against the mainstream use of cryptocurrencies. Those for the widespread adoption believe the spike in interest will continue on its upward trajectory, believing that very little could hinder its growth. Those against the growth argue that fluctuating market prices and uncertainty around the practical application will hinder its mainstream adoption. 

What cryptocurrencies likely need before any mainstream adoption is a well planned regulatory framework that can appease both the innovative technology and the merchants and consumers using it. Regulations are a necessary component to anything becoming mainstream, and the ones surrounding cryptocurrencies are vague at best. While many nations are working on creating and implementing these, there is still a gaping hole in the industry. 

Based on conversations taking place in the banking and fintech worlds, it is highly likely that in the coming years more traditional companies will expand to offer crypto-enabled financial services. As interest and access continue to grow, companies will need to follow suit if they wish to stay in the game. Large payment processing companies like Visa and Mastercard are already looking to provide crypto services, a key indicator as to where the market is headed.

What are the advantages of Bitcoin over existing currencies?

Bitcoin, and other cryptocurrencies, pose several advantages over fiat currencies. The biggest attribute to cryptocurrencies is that they are decentralized, meaning that they are not controlled by governments or banks, rather they are issued by the network and managed by the individual holding them. Instead of a government deciding to print more money thereby increasing inflation, cryptocurrencies are inflationary and instead created using a mining system that is controlled by various mechanisms.

Using blockchain technology, the digital cash systems provide an immutable and transparent ledger that records all the transactions and ownership, ensuring that funds are handled properly and with the correct measures. Cryptocurrencies also pose a much faster and cheaper means of sending money across borders, a huge advantage for businesses operating on a global level (i.e. sending funds from the U.S. to the United Kingdom).

The biggest advantage to crypto is that it is financially inclusive. Anyone around the world can partake in the payment system with no paperwork, previous financial statements or tedious processes required, it simply requires an internet connection.

What are the disadvantages of Bitcoin compared with existing currencies?

Currently, the disadvantages of cryptocurrencies are that they are not freely accepted around the world (yet). While the adoption levels are rising there is still a gap in how and where users can spend their cryptocurrencies. Another disadvantage is the market's volatility, posing potential inconsistencies between the price when making a payment and once the payment is received.

El Salvador leads the pack

In late 2021 El Salvador became the first country to initiate Bitcoin as a legal tender alongside the US dollar. The decision has accumulated many mixed reviews, with some hailing the president a revolutionary and others concerned he will crash the country's already fragile economy. Should his plan work out we're likely to see this happen again. 

In conclusion: Crypto is on an upward trajectory

With all things considered, cryptocurrencies and blockchain technology are here to stay. While cryptocurrencies might be a significant distance from becoming mainstream, they are far too integrated into our society and financial landscape to all but disappear. All things considered, the money is too great, the technology too innovative and the thought of financial inclusion too promising for any of it to go away. 

There is seldom a dull moment in the cryptosphere. In a matter of weeks, crypto winters can turn into bull runs, high-profile celebrities can send the price of a cryptocurrency to an all-time high and big networks can go from hero to bankruptcy. While we await the next bull run, let’s dissect some of the bigger moments of this year so far. 

In a matter of weeks, we saw two major cryptocurrencies drop significantly in value and later declare themselves bankrupt. Not only did these companies lose millions, but millions of investors lost immense amounts of money. 

As some media sources use these stories as an opportunity to spread FUD (fear, uncertainty and doubt) about the crypto industry, in this article we’ll look at what affected these particular networks. This is not the “norm” when it comes to investing in digital assets, these are cases of not doing enough thorough research. 

The Downfall of Terra

Terra is a blockchain platform that offered several cryptocurrencies (mostly stablecoins), most notably the stablecoin TerraUST (UST) and Terra (LUNA). LUNA tokens played an integral role in maintaining the price of the algorithmic stablecoins, incentivizing trading between LUNA and stablecoins should they need to increase or decrease a stablecoin's supply. 

In December 2021, following a token burn, LUNA entered the top 10 biggest cryptocurrencies by market cap trading at $75. LUNA’s success was tied to that of UST. In April, UST overtook Binance USD to become the third-largest stablecoin in the cryptocurrency market. The Anchor protocol of the Terra ecosystem, which offers returns as high as 20% APY, aided UST's rise.

In May of 2022, UST unpegged from its $1 position, sending LUNA into a tailspin losing 99.9% of its value in a matter of days. The coin’s market cap dipped from $41b to $6.6m. The demise of the platform led to $60 billion of investors’ money going down the drain. So, what went wrong?

After a large sell-off of UST in early May, the stablecoin began to depeg. This caused a further mass sell-off of the algorithmic cryptocurrency causing mass amounts of LUNA to be minted to maintain its price equilibrium. This sent LUNA's circulating supply sky-rocketing, in turn crashing the price of the once top ten coin. The circulating supply of LUNA went from around 345 million to 3.47 billion in a matter of days. 

As investors scrambled to try to liquidate their assets, the damage was already done. The Luna Foundation Guard (LFG) had been acquiring large quantities of Bitcoin as a safeguard against the UST stablecoin unpegging, however, this did not prove to help as the network's tokens had already entered what's known as a "death spiral".

The LFG and Do Kwon reported bought $3 billion worth of Bitcoin and stored it in reserves should they need to use them for an unpegging. When the time came they claimed to have sold around 80,000 BTC, causing havoc on the rest of the market. Following these actions, the Bitcoin price dipped below $30,000, and continued to do so.

After losing nearly 100% of its value, the Terra blockchain halted services and went into overdrive to try and rectify the situation. As large exchanges started delisting both coins one by one, Terra’s founder Do Kwon released a recovery plan. While this had an effect on the coin’s price, rising to $4.46, it soon ran its course sending LUNA’s price below $1 again. 

In a final attempt to rectify the situation, Do Kwon alongside co-founder Daniel Shin hard forked the Terra blockchain to create a new version, renaming the original blockchain Terra Classic. The platform then released a new coin, Luna 2.0, while the original LUNA coin was renamed LUNC. 

Reviewing the situation in hindsight, a Web3 investor and venture partner at Farmer Fund, Stuti Pandey said, “What the Luna ecosystem did was they had a very aggressive and optimistic monetary policy that pretty much worked when markets were going very well, but they had a very weak monetary policy for when we encounter bear markets.” 

Then Celsius Froze Over

In mid-June 2022, Celsius, a blockchain-based platform that specializes in crypto loans and borrowing, halted all withdrawals citing “extreme market conditions”. Following a month of turmoil, Celsius officially announced that it had filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy in July. 

Just a year earlier, in June 2021, the platform’s native token CEL had reached its all-time high of $8.02 with a market cap of $1.9 billion. Following the platform’s upheaval, at the time of writing CEL was trading at $1.18 with a market cap of $281 million. 

According to court filings, when the platform filed for bankruptcy it was $1.2 billion in the red with $5.5 billion in liabilities, of which $4.7 billion is customer holdings. A far cry from its reign as one of the most successful DeFi (decentralized finance) platforms. What led to this demise?

Last year, the platform faced its first minor bump in the road when the US states of Texas, Alabama and New Jersey took legal action against the company for allegedly selling unregistered securities to users. 

Then, in April 2022, following pressure from regulators, Celsius also stopped providing interest-bearing accounts to non-accredited investors. While against the nature of DeFi, the company was left with little choice.  

Things then hit the fan in May of this year. The collapse of LUNA and UST caused significant damage to investor confidence across the entire cryptocurrency market. This is believed to have accelerated the start of a "crypto winter" and led to an industry-wide sell-off that produced a bank-run-style series of withdrawals by Celsius users. In bankruptcy documents, Celsius attributes its liquidity problems to the "domino effect" of LUNA's failure.

According to the company, Celsius had 1.7 million users and $11.7 billion worth of assets under management (AUM) and had made over $8 billion in loans alongside its very high APY (annual percentage yields) of 17%. 

These loans, however, came to a grinding halt when the platform froze all its clients' assets and announced a company-wide freeze on withdrawals in early June. 

Celsius released a statement stating: “Due to extreme market conditions, today we are announcing that Celsius is pausing all withdrawals, Swap, and transfers between accounts. We are taking this necessary action for the benefit of our entire community to stabilize liquidity and operations while we take steps to preserve and protect assets.”

Two weeks later the platform hired restructuring expert Alvarez & Marsal to assist with alleviating the damage caused by June’s uncertainty and the mounting liquidity issues. 

As of mid-July, after paying off several loans, Celsius filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection in the U.S. Bankruptcy Court for the Southern District of New York.

Final Thoughts

The biggest takeaway from these examples above it to always do your own research when it comes to investing in cryptocurrency or cryptocurrency platforms. Never chase “get-rich-quick” schemes, instead do your due diligence and read the fine print. If a platform is offering 20% APY, be sure to get to the bottom of how they intend to provide this. If there’s no transparency, there should be no investment. 

The cryptocurrency market has been faced with copious amounts of stressors in recent months, from the demise of these networks mentioned above (alongside others like Voyager and Three Anchor Capital) to a market-wide liquidity crunch, to the recent inflation rate increases around the globe. Not to mention the fearful anticipation of regulatory changes. 

If there’s one thing we know about cryptocurrencies it’s that the market as a whole is incredibly resilient. In recent weeks, prices of top cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin and Ethereum have slowly started to increase, causing speculation that we might finally be making our way out of the crypto winter. While this won’t be an overnight endeavour, the sentiment in the market remains hopeful. 

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Cryptocurrency forks play a significant role in the development and evolution of blockchain technology. Crypto forks occur when a blockchain network undergoes a split, resulting in the creation of two or more distinct chains, each with its own sets of rules and often its own cryptocurrencies. This division can happen through different types of cryptocurrency forks, namely hard and soft forks.

Understanding blockchain forks is an essential element for those interested in understanding and/or trading cryptocurrencies. They represent pivotal moments in the blockchain's journey, where decisions are made, new features are introduced, and disagreements are resolved. By comprehending the concept of cryptocurrency forks, investors, users, and developers can navigate the landscape of digital currencies more effectively.

Crypto forks not only provide opportunities for innovation and technological advancements but also hold implications for the broader community. They can spark debates, divide communities, and even impact the market dynamics of cryptocurrencies. 

What is a soft fork?

A soft fork is a type of cryptocurrency fork that generally introduces backward-compatible changes to the blockchain protocol. Unlike hard forks, soft forks do not require all participants to upgrade their software to continue using the network. This means that users can choose whether or not to adopt the new features or rules implemented by the soft crypto fork.

For example, a soft fork that increases transaction speed doesn’t require everyone to upgrade their software. If you don’t upgrade your software, however, you will not be able to take part in any future transactions using the new feature (ie: faster transaction speeds). 

These types of forks are a great way for new changes to be implemented without creating an entirely new cryptocurrency. Below we review two notable soft forks.

The SegWit fork

In 2017, the Bitcoin blockchain underwent a soft cryptocurrency fork known as the Segregated Witness (SegWit) Bitcoin protocol update. It aimed to address the scalability issue of the Bitcoin network by separating transactional data from signature data, allowing for more transactions to be included in each block

Before the SegWit upgrade, Bitcoin's protocol was both more expensive and slower, with transactions costing about $30 each and taking around an hour to complete. The inventors of the SegWit change recognized that signature data accounts for 65% of a transactional block. As a result, SegWit proposed moving the effective block size from 1MB to 4MB.

The motivation for this increase was to separate or delete the signer data from the transactional data on every blockchain block, allowing for greater transaction throughput per block.

With the new fork, the old Bitcoin blockchain was able to accept both new 4MB and 1MB blocks at the same time. The soft fork enabled the existing nodes to validate the new blocks via a clever engineering approach that formatted new rules without breaking existing ones.

The Byzantium and Constantinople soft forks

These were two consecutive soft forks on the Ethereum blockchain, implemented in 2017 and 2019, respectively. These forks introduced new features to the blockchain's protocol, such as improved security and privacy, as well as changes to the Ethereum Virtual Machine (EVM).

Soft forks have a relatively lower impact on the blockchain and crypto community compared to hard forks. Since they are backward-compatible, users who don't upgrade their software can still participate in the network, although they may not be able to take advantage of the new rules and features introduced by the soft fork. 

Soft forks generally aim to improve the efficiency, security, or functionality of the blockchain without causing a complete split in the network.

What is a hard fork?

Hard forks are more disruptive and result in the creation of two separate blockchains, each with its own set of rules and cryptocurrencies. A hard fork occurs when there’s a fundamental change to the blockchain, such as upgrading one of its core technical components (ie: blocksize). 

This requires everyone who uses that blockchain to upgrade their software or else they will no longer be able to participate on the network. Users can also opt to be a part of both networks that result from the blockchain split. For example, Bitcoin Gold is a hard fork of Bitcoin that aims to decentralize the mining process offering two very different use cases.

Hard forks are a common occurrence in the cryptocurrency industry, with many big cryptocurrencies being the product of a successful hard fork. Below we explore two notable hard forks. 

The Bitcoin Cash fork

The Bitcoin Cash fork is a prime example of a hard fork. In 2017, following a disagreement within the Bitcoin community about the future of the original cryptocurrency, a group of developers and miners got together to form a new and improved version of the cryptocurrency's network known as Bitcoin Cash. The Bitcoin Cash hard fork was implemented with the upgraded blockchain utilizing a new version of the underlying code, and a new cryptocurrency labeled BCH.

The most significant change to the Bitcoin Cash network was the block size increase to 8MB, allowing for faster transaction speeds, more transactions to get verified at once, and lower transaction fees. The new version of the network also increased the difficulty to ensure the security of the network would not be compromised. In March 2022, the block size limit was increased to 32MB.

There have been many Bitcoin forks over the years, with Bitcoin Cash and Litecoin being the two most well-known.

The Ethereum Classic fork

Ethereum Classic originated from a hard fork of the Ethereum blockchain in 2016. The fork occurred due to a disagreement over how to handle a security breach in the DAO (Decentralized Autonomous Organization). Ethereum Classic maintained the original blockchain, while Ethereum (ETH) continued on the new forked chain.

A hard fork can have significant implications for the blockchain and its community. They often result from divided opinions or visions within the community, leading to the creation of new cryptocurrencies. A hard fork can bring about new features, address scalability concerns, or resolve contentious issues, but it can also cause community divisions and introduce volatility into the market.

Market effects and price volatility

Crypto forks can have a significant impact on the cryptocurrency market, often leading to price volatility and market reactions. The effects are driven by a combination of factors, including investor sentiment, community support, and the perceived value of the newly forked cryptocurrencies.

1. Forks can impact cryptocurrency prices by creating uncertainty and divergent market expectations. Prior to a fork, investors may exhibit cautious behavior, leading to increased selling pressure as they seek to secure their holdings or reallocate their assets. This uncertainty stems from concerns about the viability and market reception of the forked cryptocurrencies.
2. Market reactions to major forks have been observed in various instances. For example, during the Bitcoin Cash crypto fork in 2017, the anticipation and subsequent launch of the new cryptocurrency caused a surge in trading volumes and price volatility. Similarly, when Bitcoin Cash itself underwent a contentious hard fork in 2018, resulting in the creation of Bitcoin SV, the market witnessed significant price fluctuations and increased trading activity.

These reactions reflect the market's response to the perceived value and potential utility of the forked cryptocurrencies. Investors and traders assess factors such as community support, technological enhancements, and the ability to solve existing challenges. Depending on the market's reception, prices can experience both short-term spikes and long-term shifts as market participants adjust their positions and reassess their expectations.

It's important to note that the impact of crypto forks on prices and market dynamics can vary. While some forks generate significant market buzz and trading activity, others may have a more muted effect. Factors such as the size and influence of the community, the level of support from industry players, and broader market conditions all contribute to the overall impact of a fork on cryptocurrency prices.

Navigating the market effects of crypto forks requires vigilance and a deep understanding of the underlying factors at play. Investors and traders should carefully assess the potential risks and rewards associated with forked cryptocurrencies, keeping in mind the volatility and market reactions that can accompany these transformative events.

What to do when a fork is announced

When a cryptocurrency announces an upcoming fork, a rule of thumb in the crypto space is to wait for the dust to settle before making any big decisions. Keep in mind that sometimes forks can be contentious and not everyone will agree on the path forward, meaning that there may be a lot of confusion and volatility in the coming days as people react.

 In conclusion

A hard fork is when a blockchain network is split into two resulting in two unique blockchains with their own cryptocurrencies. A soft fork is when a blockchain simply upgrades or incorporates new features and allows users to decide whether they would like to continue using the old version or upgrade their software protocol to make use of the new features.

Either way, cryptocurrency forks are a common occurrence in the blockchain space and have been the start of many different networks. The most iconic hard forks include the likes of Litecoin, a hard fork from the Bitcoin network, Ethereum Classic, a hard fork from the Ethereum network, and Bitcoin Cash, a hard fork of the Bitcoin network.

Both soft and hard forks allow innovation within the blockchain space to evolve, making space for new features, more efficient means of executing an action, and other chain improvements. A hard fork in particular can shed light on new innovations without creating a blockchain network from scratch.

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In March 2022, Onyx Protocol (formerly Chain) rebranded its token from CHN to XCN and saw widespread success. The shared, multi-asset, cryptographic ledger has seen considerable market attention and increased in value by almost 50% in the first few months post-launch. 

Then, after implementing upgrades that included the likes of Chain Decentralised Autonomous Organisation (DAO), the beta release of the Onyx Cloud product, XCN staking, as well as listing on several crypto exchanges, Onyxcoin (XCN) reached its a new all-time high price. An honorable feat for the Onyx ecosystem considering that the greater crypto market was in a decline. 

What Is Onyx protocol?

Onyx is a cloud blockchain infrastructure that allows companies to create and provide improved financial service solutions through their unique closed-ended blockchain network. This gives them the opportunity to upgrade to blockchain technology without carrying the risks linked to bigger public networks. The platform then allows them to issue, store and transfer digital assets on the company's private independent networks through several Chain ecosystem products.

According to the platform's whitepaper, the Chain protocol defines that it "allows participants to issue and control assets programmatically using digital signatures and custom rules."

Designed to improve on the current downfalls within the financial settlements industry, the Onyx protocol offers improved solutions for everything from transfer fees to transparency to settlement delays, as well as security issues and the reversibility of transactions.

Other Onyx ecosystem products include a standard and premium option of both an RPC/API (Remote Procedure Call API) product and a ledger-as-a-service option known as Sequence. 

The standard RCP/API provides users access to various services within the Onyx Cloud that allows them to develop products on public blockchains.  The premium access options provide added solutions and the opportunity to build on private networks. This option charges an annual fixed amount charged in XCN. 

Sequence provides users access to Onyx's cloud blockchain accounting service where they can manage balances in a tokenized format. Again, there is a standard option or a premium access option with added benefits, payable in XCN. 

The protocol also offers users end-to-end solutions covering the “design, development, compliance, sale and utilization” of NFTs through its Sequence NFT product. 

The Onyx Decentralized Autonomous Organization (DAO) runs the whole Chain Protocol, which is governed by XCN token holders. To participate in the Onyx DAO and governance of the Chain, XCN holders must stake their tokens.

Who created Onyx protocol?

The Onyx blockchain network was founded in 2014 by the venture capitalist Adam Ludwin with the backing of several other venture capital firms, providing a solution to modern financial systems. The developers launched Chain Core after raising over $40 million through funding and strategic partnerships from the likes of Nasdaq, Orange, Capital One, and Citigroup.

In 2018 the platform was sold to Lightyear Corp., a division within the Stellar Development Foundation, but as of 2021, the company is now operating as a privately held corporation with new offices, shareholders, and a new board of directors. 

How does the Onyx protocol work?

Onyx allows for multiple, independent blockchain networks to exist and work together, even if they're operated by different firms. Using the principle of least authority keeps control over assets separate from control over ledger synchronization so that everyone stays safe.

The Onyx cloud protocol allows any network participant to define and issue assets by creating their own "issuance programs." After they've been issued, units of an asset are kept in custody by "control programs," which are written in a flexible and Turing-complete programming language that may be used to create sophisticated smart contracts for blockchain networks.

A group of "block signers" secure each network. The system is protected against forks as long as a majority of the block signers follow the protocol. To make things more efficient, the protocol delegates block creation to a single "block generator." Any node on the network can validate blocks and submit transactions too.

The Onyx Core software is an enterprise solution that uses the Onyx Protocol. An open-source developer edition of Onyx Core is available for download, and Chain operates a freely accessible testnet to manage the Chain blockchain network.

What are XCN tokens?

XCN is the native token to the Onyx ecosystem and acts as both a utility token and a governance token. Holders are allowed to vote on community programs and protocol improvement plans through the Onyx DAO. The cryptocurrency also provides discounts on premium plans, a payment method for Onyx Cloud and Sequence fees, and node deployment. 

Alongside the rebranding of CHN to XCN, Chain also launched its new Onyx Token smart contract on the Ethereum blockchain. Holders of CHN were given XCN tokens at a 1:1,000 ratio. Onyxcoin (XCN) has a maximum supply of 48.4 billion. 

The Onyxcoin (XCN) has a total and maximum supply of 48,470,523,779 coins, with approximately 23,576,983,951 (44%) currently in circulation (at the time of writing). During the launch phase, 15 billion tokens were allocated to the foundation and ten billion to the DAO, with monthly distributions of 200 million and 100 million coins, respectively.

How can I buy the XCN token?

For those looking to incorporate Chain into their crypto portfolios, things just got a lot easier. The Tap app has recently added XCN to the list of supported currencies, allowing anyone with a Tap account to easily and conveniently access the Chain market. 

Users can buy /sell XCN by using balances in either their crypto or fiat wallets or can buy the cryptocurrency with traditional payment options like bank transfers. Through the integrated wallets on the platform, users can also store and manage their XCN holdings easily and conveniently. 

The post-pandemic working world is a different place entirely. These days, many people have given up their nine to five jobs to work from home, joining the gig economy where projects are more short-term and schedules are flexible. After all, all one needs is a reliable internet connection and a space to work.

These temporary projects allow for more freedom when it comes to creative license, time constraints and living a life best suited to the individual. And they just got a whole lot easier thanks to the electronic cash system that is Bitcoin (and other crypto assets).

The Gig Economy Meets Blockchain

There are plenty of upsides to working in the gig economy, most notably that you can pick your own hours. As you are in control of your schedule you can choose your vacation times, you’re your own boss, and you get to choose what jobs you take on.

In the UK alone the gig economy between 2016 and 2019 doubled in size, equating to a staggering 4.7 million workers. Meanwhile, in the European Union, the number of freelancers rose by 24% between 2008 and 2015, from 7.7 million to 9.6 million people.

The U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics reported that 36% of all employees in the United States are part of the gig economy, approximately 57 million people. Unfortunately of these 57 million, 58% reported that they have not been paid for work that has been completed. 

This problem could be solved through the use of blockchain and smart contracts. Smart contracts are digital agreements that automatically execute once the criteria have been met. Say you agree to complete a project within a certain time frame, once the project is completed and submitted, the payment is released. No need to request or accept payment, the funds are cleared and deposited directly into the relevant account.

Another positive to merging the gig economy with blockchain technology is the use of cryptocurrencies. 

4 Reasons Why Getting Paid In Crypto Just Makes Sense

While smart contracts would need to be made in order for them to smoothen out the wrinkles of unpaid jobs, cryptocurrencies are available right now. The benefits of crypto transactions when it comes to working remotely just make sense.‍

1) Cryptocurrency transactions are fast and cheap
‍While the thought of using Bitcoin payments might sound scary, they are in fact incredibly simple to send, receive and withdraw. With the use of blockchain technology and the Bitcoin network, international transactions can be completed in minutes with considerably fewer fees. Not just Bitcoin, all digital currencies for that matter.

All you need to do is pick a cryptocurrency, share your wallet address and wait for the crypto transaction to clear. Through the Tap mobile app you can then use the funds to pay bills or sell them for fiat currencies and send them to your personal Tap account to spend as you please or directly to your bank account. 

2Anyone can make crypto payments
‍While opening a bank account is typically a very tedious task, opening a crypto account is very easy. Anyone anywhere in the world can easily create an account, add funds, and start transacting. As the network is entirely digital, employees and employers based anywhere in the world can tap into this and effortlessly make crypto payments.

3) You can work from anywhere
‍On that note, cryptocurrencies give you the freedom to work anywhere in the world as there are no constraints on receiving payments allowing you to sell your skills in the global market. There has also been an increase in jobs looking for freelancers that are willing to accept Bitcoin, goodbye central banks and hello digital assets‍

4)Low transaction fees make small jobs worth it 
‍If you've ever been hesitant about accepting small jobs, this is the one for you. When small jobs pay less, the payments might frequently be entirely overwhelmed by the transaction fees associated with receiving your payment for the job.

That is not the case when it comes to some cryptocurrencies, with Litecoin for example charging merely $0.02 per transaction. 

How To Get Paid In Cryptocurrencies

If you’ve decided to take the plunge, you can either request that your employer pays in crypto, or specifically look for crypto-paying jobs (more on this below). The next step is to set up an account from where you can receive said crypto.

The Tap mobile app will tick all the boxes, and opening an account is incredibly simple. First, you will need to download the app and then register. You’ll be asked to fill in some personal information and then verify your identity with a government-issued identity document. This is all very normal and is required by law. 

Once you are verified, head to the home page, select the Crypto wallet and choose a cryptocurrency you would like to receive / the cryptocurrency you will be paid in. Then select Receive and send the wallet address to your employer/contractor. You will get a notification when the funds arrive in your account. 

If you’re looking for jobs that specifically pay in crypto, look to Purse.io, Ethlance and Coinality. These are part of the gig economy and pay in cryptocurrencies. Good luck out there, it will 100% be worth it!

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If you're new to the cryptocurrency market or just new to stablecoins, in this piece we're covering everything you need to know about this digital currency market. As we dive into the topic, we're going to cover why they are useful to the financial market and take a look at some popular options currently being traded. 

While stablecoins are not designed to provide returns, they provide a great means of hedging against losses when the market drops and allow users to tap into the benefits of crypto that fiat currencies can not otherwise provide.

While some might expect the regulation for stablecoins to be different from that of cryptocurrencies, the truth is that they currently both fall under the same (digital asset) umbrella. There are currently motions in place to regulate stablecoin issuers.

What are stablecoins?

A stablecoin is a type of cryptocurrency designed to hold a stable value by pegging its price to a stable asset, like a fiat currency or commodity. This version of digital money is designed to offer a "stable" market in an industry that is known to be rather volatile.

Stablecoins allow businesses to tap into the benefits of crypto without falling victim to price volatility or being exposed to counterparty risk and while they don't provide returns typically associated with the crypto industry due to their stable price, stablecoins do provide investors with a strategy to hedge against volatile markets.

With the fast-developing world of cryptocurrencies, there are now a number of stablecoin options available on the market, each with varying structures, leadership, reputation, and use cases. There are two main types of stablecoin based on what keeps stablecoins stable, these include fiat collateralized and crypto collateralized, as well as algorithmic stablecoins and commodity-backed stablecoins.

Fiat collateralized stablecoins (fiat currencies)

Fiat collateralized stablecoins are pegged to a government-issued fiat currency, such as the United States dollar. These currencies are backed on a 1:1 basis, meaning that the central authority holds one unit of the reserve currency for each stablecoin issued in a secure account.

Some examples of stablecoins in this category include Tether (USDT), Paxos Standard Token (PAX), and USD Coin (USDC). All of these coins are pegged to the U.S. dollar and the stablecoin issuers are required to hold an equivalent amount in a reserve account.

Crypto collateralized stablecoins (crypto)

A slightly less common version of stablecoins is the crypto-collateralized stablecoin meaning these digital assets remain the same value as the underlying tokenized asset that they are pegged to and do not rely on third parties to hold the correct amount of stablecoin reserves.

DAI is a prime example of this, a crypto-backed stablecoin created when users send ETH to an Ethereum-based smart contract. 

Algorithmic stablecoins (smart contracts)

Algorithmic stablecoins are pegged to other digital assets' values via smart contracts and work hand in hand with another cryptocurrency. If the algorithmic stablecoin trades above its peg, new coins (of the other cryptocurrency) enter circulation, reducing its value. If it trades below its peg, coins are destroyed, thereby increasing the price.

Investing in non-collateralized stablecoins, e.g. an algorithmic stablecoin, is considered to be high risk as any failures in the algorithmic stablecoin system can result in dramatic value losses, as was witnessed with the Terra LUNA crash in 2022.

Other cryptocurrencies

There are also commodity-backed stablecoins that are backed by commodities and precious metals, such as gold-backed stablecoins. Popular stablecoins among the commodity-backed stablecoins pegged to precious metals include Paxos Gold (PAXG) and Tether Gold (AUXt).

Some stablecoins backed by nothing at all are still pegged to fiat values. These are called central bank digital currencies and are issued by banks to provide a digital version of their local fiat currency. 

How do stablecoins work?

Stablecoins are typically built on blockchain networks that facilitate the functioning of the coin. For example, the most popular token standard for stablecoins is Ethereum's ERC-20 token. These tokens function as any other cryptocurrency in terms of peer-to-peer transactions, only they use the Ethereum blockchain to facilitate the transactions and maintain the network.

The stablecoin issuer will then be responsible for ensuring that the correct amount of fiat currency or cash equivalents are held in reserve, based on what currency it is pegged to (i.e. the U.S. dollar or Euro). In the case of commodity-backed stablecoins, the equivalent amount of the commodity will need to be held in physical vaults.

What are stablecoins used for?

While the world slowly integrates other cryptocurrencies into its financial landscape, stablecoins provide a simple and easy means to integrate the crypto world with traditional financial products.

As a rule of thumb, stablecoins provide the benefits of digital currency without the volatility, empowering the crypto ecosystem to better integrate into everyday life.

What are the risks of stablecoins?

Stablecoins, while aiming for stability, still carry innate risks. As their value is dependent on the stability of the assets they are pegged to, they are not totally immune from sudden fluctuations. Regulatory scrutiny poses another risk, with potential changes affecting their operation or legality. Additionally, stablecoins are susceptible to issuer risk, as their value relies on the credibility and financial stability of the organization backing them, as well as their integrity when it comes to holding the correct amount of collateral. Inadequate reserves or insufficient transparency regarding asset backing could also lead to liquidity concerns and market instability.

What is the purpose of stablecoins?

While you might be asking yourself why anyone would want to purchase a digital asset that is unlikely to bring about any profits, stablecoins present a number of benefits in the crypto ecosystem. 

Hedge against volatility

For starters, they provide protection against market volatility. As they are pegged to an underlying asset and relatively stable (when compared to more volatile cryptocurrencies) they can provide a hedge against bear markets.

Should a cryptocurrency suddenly be exposed to price fluctuations, moving your funds to a stablecoin can help protect against any losses in value or purchasing power. The funds can easily be moved back once the market has corrected. Instead of liquidating your assets, you can simply move them to another blockchain-powered asset until the market settles. 

Price stability (similar to fiat currency)

Stablecoins also provide a safe means of trade for merchants using crypto in terms of price stability. When sticking with a predominately stable cryptocurrency they omit the chance of their $2 transaction when paying for a coffee being worth $1 at a moment's notice. This mitigates the risk for payment-driven businesses and provides innovation within the finance sector.

Remittance market

Another area that stablecoins provide a valuable service is for cross-border money transfers. Stablecoins bridge the gap of getting funds from one location to another and incur a fraction of the time and costs of fiat transactions. 

Popular stablecoins in the crypto market

Stablecoins went from being relatively controversial to featuring in the top 5 biggest cryptocurrencies by market capitalization. Below are a few of the top stablecoins on the market.

Tether (USDT)

Arguably the most popular stablecoin, Tether is currently listed in the top 5 biggest cryptocurrencies. While the stablecoin has seen its fair share of controversy (in terms of accurate reserves) compared to other stablecoins, the coin remains a firm favourite amongst organizations, investment managers, and crypto investors alike. 

The coin was first released in 2014 under the name Realcoin and was designed to provide a second layer on top of the Bitcoin network. Later, the coin was created using the ERC-20 token standard and became operable on the following blockchains: Ethereum, EOS, Tron, Algorand, and OMG. 

Dai (DAI)

Dai started out as an earlier version known as Single-Collateral DAI (SAI) which was pegged to a single cryptocurrency. In 2019, the multi-collateral DAI was created and soft-pegged to the U.S. dollar, maintaining this value by collateralizing other cryptocurrencies using stablecoin technology, most notably an Ethereum-based smart contract.

The stablecoin is managed by the Maker Protocol and the MakerDAO (decentralized autonomous organization). Such stablecoins also allow holders to earn interest based on their stake. 

USD Coin (USDC)

Another one of the top fiat-backed stablecoins but with a slightly less controversial back story, the USD Coin is currently ranked within the top 10 biggest cryptocurrencies. The company behind the asset, the Centre Consortium, holds $1 in reserves for every 1 USDC that enters circulation.

The reserves are held in cash and short-term U.S. Treasury bonds. The company's goal is to "create an ecosystem where USDC is accepted by as many wallets, exchanges, service providers and dapps as possible" to facilitate cashless and international transactions.  ‍

Tap into the world of stablecoins in the app

The stablecoin market is notorious for its ability to maintain price stability and protect against market price falls and price fluctuations, providing inherently stable assets in a world of other cryptocurrencies.

Whether you're looking to build a portfolio of fiat or crypto-backed stablecoins or stick to regular cryptocurrencies, the Tap app provides a seamless and highly secure platform for managing these currencies. Alongside the exchange, there is also a unique wallet in which you can store both crypto and fiat currencies, as well as a prepaid crypto card that allows you to spend these currencies anywhere in the world through a single tap of your finger. 

Bitcoin first disrupted the financial industry in 2009 but has since been followed by other cryptocurrencies trying to do the same. 

Some have been more innovative than others, while we do still see tokens like BCH and BSV succeeding, many questions whether these tokens are credible for just forking from Bitcoin. Then came Wrapped Bitcoin, but there is a massive difference between these Bitcoin variants. 

What is Wrapped Bitcoin?

Tokens like BCH and BSV were launched to be better than Bitcoin, while debatable to this day, Wrapped Bitcoin was created to allow Bitcoin to be used on other blockchains. Wrapped Bitcoin's goal has never been to be Bitcoin, to be better than Bitcoin, or to take Bitcoin’s community. Wrapped Bitcoin was simply created to provide more utility to those using Bitcoin within the Ethereum blockchain ecosystem. 

What are Wrapped Tokens?

Wrapped tokens provide users with the opportunity to use cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin and Ethereum on other blockchains, while their prices remain pegged ("wrapped" tokens) to that of the original coin essentially creating a more tradable version of the coin.

For instance, with Wrapped Bitcoin tokens, Bitcoin can now be used within the Ethereum ecosystem and wrapped Ethereum-based altcoins can be used on the Solana network or any DeFi applications. There is also a Wrapped Ether which can be traded on decentralized exchanges or decentralized finance (DeFi) applications.

Let’s see how WBTC came to be, what benefits it offers, and why it is gaining popularity in the crypto assets space. 

The beginning of Wrapped Bitcoin  

It is widely conceded that stablecoins (the likes of Tether) were the first wrapped tokens to come into existence, due to their pegging to a fiat currency. However, the first crypto-based wrapped token, Wrapped Bitcoin, was launched in January 2019, roughly 10 years after Bitcoins' initial release.

Wrapped Bitcoin is an ERC-20 token on the Ethereum mainnet (therefore requiring Ethereum wallets for storage) and is backed at a 1:1 ratio to the original cryptocurrency, meaning 1 WBTC is equivalent to 1 BTC.

A key benefit of Wrapped Bitcoin over Bitcoin is its integration within decentralized finance protocols, Ethereum's blockchain and ETH-based dapps, wallets, and smart contracts. To convert your BTC to WBTC, you would need to wrap the token using a bridge. 

Wrapped Bitcoin came from the collective efforts of major players within DeFi, including projects like MakerDAO, BitGo, Dharma, Set Protocol, and more. Wrapped Bitcoin is now under the control of a DAO, a decentralized autonomous organization, by the name of WBTC DAO. The ultimate goal was to bring more liquidity into Ethereum’s network through Bitcoin.  

There may be more liquidity within Ethereum’s network now, but there are more benefits to Wrapped Bitcoin than just that. Let’s take a deeper look.

The benefits of using Wrapped Bitcoin tokens

When purchasing or converting your BTC into Wrapped Bitcoin you can expect a whole new world of advantages, some of the benefits you can expect are:

• Scalability
• Liquidity
• Access to ecosystem
• Smart contract functionality 
• DeFi protocols
• Faster transactions 
• Relatively lower fees

This is not to say Wrapped Bitcoin is better than Bitcoin, Wrapped Bitcoin does not provide the same security or trustlessness as Bitcoin as it relies on organizations to maintain the system as opposed to code. In some ways, it is better, in some ways it's not, but overall it is an interesting option. 

How to get and use Wrapped Bitcoin WBTC

The only way to acquire WBTC is to trade it on a decentralized exchange (DEX) by swapping your BTC for WBTC. 

The process of minting WBTC tokens is done through verification procedures concluded by merchants. WBTC is created by storing funds in a custodian wallet in return for WBTC. When users want to convert their WBTC to BTC, the tokens are burnt and the BTC is returned from the wallet. It is a fairly simple process when done through a trustworthy source. 

WBTC gives you the ability to interact with the whole Ethereum network, inclusive of dapps, games, smart contracts, wallets, and more. WBTC will also allow you to be a part of a greater DeFi ecosystem, enabling you to partake in yield farming, token swapping, liquidity pools, lending, borrowing, and more. The utility is endless as Ethereum continues to evolve. 

The future of the Wrapped Token (WBTC)

This is just the start of Wrapped BTC, it may have launched in 2019 but it is finally getting the attention and interest it deserves. 

Is it extremely innovative? Maybe not. Does it bridge the gap in allowing Bitcoin holders to utilize and benefit from other blockchains' synergies? Yes. It has more use cases than it is given credit for, which is why we wanted you to learn more about it.

This is not financial advice, but a look at some of the possibilities and projects out there finding success. There is no saying whether Wrapped BTC will be as big of a success story as BTC, especially since it's a wrapped version of BTC. One thing we do know is that wrapped tokens present additional benefits on top of existing tokens, and that's something you should know too.

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There's a time-old debate over whether hodling or trading leads to better profits when it comes to buying into the cryptocurrency market. While both are great options, in the article below we look at the pros and cons of each option and weigh them up.

What is trading?‍

Trading refers to the buying and selling of financial instruments, assets, or commodities in financial markets with the aim of making a profit. Trading requires continuous monitoring of the charts and frequent study, whether in the crypto or stock market. Crypto trading involves buying and selling crypto at various intervals, whether minutes, hours, days, weeks, months, and years. Despite the greater risks involved, the potential for big percentage returns attracts individuals to trading.

If you want to trade crypto assets, it's essential to have a basic knowledge of the industry and how events in the news may influence Bitcoin's price. Remember to set stop losses and take profits so that you can protect your trade.

The pros of trading

• Potentially sizable profits

Crypto is known to be a volatile market and it's not uncommon to see price movements of 30% or above when crypto trading. With some strong analytical skills, one can observe, analyze and trade these waves and yield sizable profits.

• You're in control

Some people make a living trading part-time or full-time, particularly day trading. Day trading is where you enter and exit positions typically within a 24-hour period. Either way, you are in control of your own hours and workload, allowing you to take a break after you've met or exceeded your daily or weekly earnings targets.

The cons of trading

• Need to know trading fundamentals and technical analysis

Before you begin trading, you need to learn how to do fundamental and technical analysis of charts. This process requires dedicated effort and time investment.

• Need to be able to manage emotions

The prices of cryptocurrencies can change rapidly, making this a more risky proposition than long-term holding. You must be prepared to sell a losing cryptocurrency when it's plunging or decide to hodl for it to recover. Anything might happen in this fast-paced market, so you must make wise decisions without getting emotional.

What is hodling?

The term first came about in 2013 from a misspelled work in a BitcoinTalk Forum. The inebriated trader made the now infamous typo, and the word stuck. Almost a decade later, the term "hodl" remains a permanent fixture in the crypto ecosystem. Some have since branded it as "Hold On for Dear Life".

The term refers to holding a particular cryptocurrency for long periods of time, ignoring market volatility and knuckling through a bear market. As a passive strategy designed for long-term time frames, hodling requires a trader to simply buy a cryptocurrency and hold it in a secure place for months or even years until it reaches your price target.

You can buy Bitcoin or your favorite cryptocurrency at regular intervals if you're planning to HODL. This term is associated with buying a small amount of Bitcoins weekly or monthly. For example, let's say you have $1,000 to buy over time.

In this case, you might purchase $30 in Bitcoin each week or $50 worth every month. By staggering your buys like this rather than putting it all at once, you minimize the likelihood of price fluctuations having as much impact on the price per coin. This strategy prefers to buy Bitcoin over trade Bitcoin.

The upside to hodling

• Minimal effort

Hodling requires initial research into the cryptocurrency you wish to buy in (very important ans crucial to do your own research). From there establish your budget and strategy.

• Minimal stress

The crypto market is known for its significant swings in value. Thankfully with hodling there is no need to time the market for entry and exit positions or watch the chart all of the time.

• Minimal trading fees

Save money on trading fees by conducting on a few transactions, versus the many you will need to do when day trading. Some countries won't even charge tax on your crypto gains after a certain period of time (but be sure to check this in your area).

The downside of hodling

• Need patience

As hodling is a long-term strategy approach it requires patience and mental endurance. If you decide to use the Hodling strategy you'll need to manage emotions during tough market fluctuations and might need to wait years before being able to cash in on any ROI (return on investment).

• Funds are locked in

Because this is a long-term strategy, your funds would be inaccessible for an extended period of time. This might result in foregone opportunities to invest elsewhere in the crypto space or any other market.

However, this can be avoided by leaving your funds in a crypto interest account. Tap provides users access to yield-generating wallets that allow you to enjoy both the long-term price gains as well as the returns.

In Conclusion: hodling vs trading

If you're a novice cryptocurrency investor, proceed with caution. There is no right or wrong answer to which of these strategies is "superior" and you could always combine both methods to match your portfolio depending of your risk appetite. Always keep in mind that before making any decisions, always do your homework, research about the asset you wish to purchase and about diversifying your portfolio to reduce risk regardless of the strategy you pick.

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There are plenty of reports of investors making huge gains in the crypto market over the years, however, there are plenty more ones on people who have lost money. While investing is designed to increase your personal wealth, many investors are often intimidated by the digital currency market due to its volatility and age. In this piece, we're going to run you through the various ways of making money from cryptocurrencies without making a single trade. 

After the economies around the world were deeply affected by the Covid-19 pandemic, now is as good a time as any to regain control over your funds and use passive income opportunities as a tool to do so. Tap into the innovation available in the crypto space to pay off your mortgage, bond or leverage your pension and forget about fluctuating market prices.

Passive income 101

The least risky way in which to build your personal wealth is through passive income. Passive income involves generating money from investments that don't require any intervention. This includes activities such as earning dividends from stocks, automated sales through a business, monthly or annual rental from properties, etc. 

Another avenue of passive income is earning interest on money in the bank. In this case, the bank will pay you a predetermined percentage of the funds stored in that account. Thankfully, the crypto space has caught up and currently has a number of programs that are offering crypto holders the same benefits, albeit with far greater interest rates. While the regulation surrounding these programs is still being structured, many reliable and trustworthy platforms are offering programs worth taking advantage of.

How to earn passive income with crypto

Below we explore several smart ways in which you can earn a passive income with crypto, all designed to grow your capital. These options are outside of the decentralized finance (DeFi) space so as to avoid any potential problems or scams, rather stick to reliable platforms and networks as outlined below.

Staking

As the crypto space has evolved, many platforms have shifted from the original Proof of Work consensus mechanism to a Proof of Stake one. PoW involves miners competing to solve a complex cryptographic puzzle in order to validate transactions on the network and earn the block reward.

PoS models are less energy-intensive and instead require validators on the network to stake a certain amount of the native cryptocurrency in order to validate the transactions and earn the reward. Anyone can get involved thanks to the likes of PoS platforms like Cardano, Polkadot, and Ethereum 2.0.

Stakers can delegate crypto to a validator and earn a portion of the payouts when the validator completes the process. Requiring very little technical knowledge and minimal capital (each platform is different), staking provides an easy opportunity for a cryptocurrency holder to earn passive income. 

Stakes can also opt to be a validator, which requires a considerable amount of effort and technical information. With two options available when it comes to staking, one can either opt to be a validator or delegate coins to a validator. The former will require more capital and attention but yield higher returns, while the latter provides lower returns but ensures that the validators do all the work. 

Mining‍

On the other side of the coin, there is mining. Mining is native to PoW networks and involves confirming transactions for a reward. Networks vary in terms of what computer resources one might need, although cheap electricity is essential as these machines typically require large amounts of power. 

The world of mining has progressed in leaps and bounds since the early days of using CPUs to mine Bitcoin. Should one want to explore this path, we advise you do extensive research on the cost implications beforehand. 

Lending

A method favoured by long term investors looking to earn interest on their already accumulated crypto assets, lending involves borrowing the funds to a platform in return for interest. These funds are typically locked away for a certain period of time in exchange for interest payments later on. 

Peer-to-peer (P2P) lending platforms usually have a fixed or variable interest rate and will handle the logistics of the borrower and lender. These types of services are often found on platforms that offer margin trading. 

Make money without engaging in any trades, with no betting on the outcome of the market. Passive income from cryptocurrencies can be done simply by storing your already accumulated digital currencies in an income-generating account. Experiences on various platforms will vary, however, in most cases the customer will deposit their funds into a specific account and earn interest in the same currency. Check the platform's publication for guidance if you need any assistance.

When referring to the yield on an investment, this indicates the earnings generated over a certain period of time. It is generally presented in percentage form and includes the interest or dividends relevant to the initial investment. 

While returns are calculated using the difference in value at two specific points in time, the yield will calculate the total (net) value earned over a period of time. This provides an invaluable tool in helping you understand the potential value of an investment. 

Basic yield is calculated as the net realised return divided by the initial investment amount. For example, if an investor bought $100 worth of Bitcoin which grew to $2,000 in the next year, then the formula would look like this:

$1,900 / $100 = 19
-> which translates to 1900%. 

There are several different formulas based on the type of yield you wish to calculate. These include:

• Yield on Stocks
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• Yield on Bonds
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• Yield to Maturity

• Yield to Worst

• Yield to Call

A high yield isn’t necessarily a good thing. Should the market’s decline or the company pays out high dividends the yield will still reflect as high. Always do your own research when considering an investment, or trust a financial advisor. 

Since stablecoins emerged in the crypto sphere, many have questioned their legitimacy. While cryptocurrencies are perhaps more frequently used as a tool for value storage rather than a means of transaction, coins (or any financial products) that cannot appreciate in value certainly raise several questions. So why have stablecoins become so popular among businesses and individuals alike? Below we're taking a look at their use cases and reporting on whether they're the safe haven of crypto. 

What are stablecoins?

Before we continue, let's clarify what stablecoins are. These types of cryptocurrencies are "stable assets" that have their value pegged to a fiat currency or commodity. This might include the US dollar, Euros, the price of gold or even other cryptocurrencies. So while Bitcoin (BTC) and Ethereum (ETH) are subject to bouts of volatility, stablecoins remain consistent with the price of the money they are pegged to.

Stablecoins are not to be confused with CBDCs (central bank digital currencies) which are operated by a government-controlled organisation, usually a country's national bank. Stablecoins are controlled by a company and utilise blockchain technology to facilitate transactions, store the relevant data and maintain security.

Stablecoins' economic policy ensures that they maintain their value through the use of smart contracts, algorithms and reserves. For each Tether in circulation, for example, one US dollar needs to be held in a reserve account. These types of cryptocurrency tokens provide a reliable and non-volatile means of making payments with the companies issuing them regulating the circulating supply.

What value do Stablecoins provide?

While many might not initially see that value in a fiat-pegged cryptocurrency, stablecoins are actually hugely useful in a largely volatile market. Let the current top 5 biggest cryptocurrencies based on market cap in the industry be an indication, with two of the five being stablecoins. 

As stablecoins utilise blockchain technology, the coins naturally inherit all the characteristics of seamless and fast digital transactions (as well as transparency when it comes to transactions). Much like traditional digital assets, stablecoins can be transferred across borders instantly, a much faster and cheaper alternative to using fiat currencies and without the chance of price swings. Users, whether consumers or businesses are able to buy, store and sell stablecoins as they would any other cryptocurrency on the market.

For example, should you wish to pay a business in another country for services rendered or any other expense, it would prove to be much faster and cheaper to use a stablecoin than to send your local currency via traditional banking services. Stablecoins offer a much more streamlined means of completing the job.

Stablecoins also provide an entry into exchanges that don't work with fiat currencies, providing a reliable means of trading on those platforms. Stablecoins have also come to be known as "risk-off" assets, giving newer traders a chance to "test" the markets without the volatility. 

This innovation in the blockchain space has opened many new markets to the use of cryptocurrencies, certainly more mainstream markets across a wide range of countries. As information regarding how they work spreads, more businesses have opened their mind to using them in everyday working life. Stablecoins have also become a popular option with users trading on DeFi (decentralised finance) platforms, providing a secure and efficient means of using the products.

Are stablecoins the safe haven of crypto?

In essence, yes. Since the advent of stablecoins (marked by the launch of Tether) in 2014, there has been a number of new stablecoins to emerge, resulting in more confidence in crypto markets. This has equated to more movement and trade volume, and a lower risk management sector.

So while one isn't going to make huge returns (if any) on stablecoins, they bring value to the market due to their stability and transaction ability. 

As stablecoins are used by traders to hedge against falling markets, they provide a safe haven for their digital funds until the markets return to normal levels. Businesses around the world use stablecoins as they provide a faster and cheaper means of settling bills, allowing them to harness the power of blockchain technology without the worry of prices rising or falling in a short space of time. 

Tap into stability

Tap can support your market entry endeavors by providing a platform to include a variety of assets in your portfolio. Whether you're considering accumulating stablecoins during market shifts or looking to engage in various transactions, Tap offers a streamlined experience. You can easily acquire, sell, trade, store, and manage widely utilized stablecoins like Tether (USDT) and USD Coin (USDC), all from a single secure platform.

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The global financial crash in 2007 was the catalyst for the creation of Bitcoin. Designed to provide a decentralized way in which people can manage their own money, digital currencies slowly infiltrated the greater financial markets. 

Almost a decade later, crypto adoption is at its highest and for the first time challenging traditional financial institutions and their product range. So, which is better? Let's explore the pros and cons of each category. 

Blockchain technology has seen an incredible increase in interest in the last few years. While it provides a universal backbone relevant to almost any industry, it has also brought the world cryptocurrencies, NFTs, decentralized finance (DeFi) and other digital assets. 

Tackling existing centralized monetary challenges, blockchain technology and digital currencies are two of the greatest inventions of the 21st century. ‍

Digital currency versus banking

Cryptocurrencies are decentralized digital currencies that can be used to exchange goods and services as well as a store of value. They're typically acquired through crypto exchanges and kept in secure crypto wallets. These virtual currencies are autonomous, operate in a secure manner with little human interaction, and are increasingly considered the future of finance.

The predominant financial systems in the world are currently banks. They provide financial services to those that meet their requirements, including loans, savings, and other financial services. 

However, unlike cryptocurrencies, they have several problems core to them being centralized and susceptible to biases. They're also slower than cryptos, and some of them charge exorbitant interest rates on loans as well as routine purchases. 
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The pros and cons of the Banking system vs digital currencies

There has been little development in the banking sector in the last several decades, so while the products are useful there has been very little innovation in the space. Below we outline the current challenges that the traditional systems face when compared to the advantages of a digital currency. 

Financial Inclusivity

Banks are notorious for requiring lengthy paperwork and in-depth background checks. They are also known to provide different products and limits to different groups of people, including payment durations, soft loans, limits, etc. 

When creating the digital currency Bitcoin, Satoshi Nakamoto wanted to counteract this financial inclusivity pertaining to fiat currencies and the greater financial system and instead provide a financial product available to all. Cryptocurrencies, therefore, do not require any paperwork or identification to operate or open a digital wallet. 

While buying digital assets on an exchange will require personal information, they do not require any background checks or credit scores. Unlike in the traditional financial system, engaging in crypto markets is also not exclusive to location, allowing anyone from any corner of the globe to immediately access the digital payment systems. 

Accessibility

Banking institutions operate within certain hours and are closed on weekends, meaning that transactions can sometimes take days to clear. They will also typically require an in-person authentication for very large transactions, and affect the remittance markets in the global financial system. 

Cryptocurrencies on the other hand operate 24/7 (even on public holidays) as they are maintained by members all around the world. Cryptocurrencies provide zero downtime with unlimited amounts and do not require third-party authentication before making transactions. One digital currency can send value to the other side of the world in minutes, requiring no in-person authentication. 

Security

The banking industry, particularly online systems, are susceptible to being hacked, alongside fraudulent activities and money embezzlement. While this is not always the direct fault of the central bank or financial institutions, it has become a common problem as ill actors have learned how to navigate the security systems and trick the owners of these accounts. 

Through the use of blockchain technology, transactions cannot be intercepted or reversed, and are handled in a peer-to-peer nature ensuring that they do not go through a third party for authentication and require minimal human interference. 

Fees and Transaction Times

During transaction periods, banks often add on extra costs and taxes. When sending and receiving money, banks frequently charge very high transaction fees and taxes, especially when conducting international remittances. These transactions also take a long time to clear due to their sluggish procedures, especially for large amounts of cash.

Cryptocurrencies provide an excellent solution to the remittance markets as they provide fast and cheap transactions. Blockchain technology ensures that they clear in several minutes (depending on the cryptocurrency and the network’s congestion at the time) and that they are sent directly to the recipient’s wallet (as opposed to waiting for the receiving bank to clear the transaction). 

Diversification

Traditional banking services generally lack significant diversification options due to their competitive pricing structures. However, cryptocurrencies enable users to engage with multiple products simultaneously, which can provide opportunities for leveraging various networks and creating portfolios with reduced risk concentration.

Smart Contracts

Another advantage that blockchain currently holds over traditional banking systems is the use of smart contracts. Smart contracts are digital agreements that automatically execute once predetermined criteria have been met. Leveraging smart contracts in the financial services industry offers a seamless and entirely decentralized approach to modern banking.

Which is Better: The central bank or digital assets?

Comparing central banks and digital assets reveals intriguing aspects of both systems. Banking systems have become an integral part of modern society, underpinning economies and facilitating everyday financial transactions. They offer stability, regulatory frameworks, and familiarity to the masses.

On the other hand, cryptocurrencies introduce a realm of innovation. Their decentralized nature challenges traditional financial paradigms, enabling secure and direct peer-to-peer transactions. Additionally, cryptocurrencies empower novel applications such as smart contracts, decentralized finance (DeFi), and tokenization of assets.

Selecting one over the other isn't straightforward due to their contrasting strengths. Central banks provide stability and a well-established foundation, while digital assets spark possibilities for disruption and financial inclusivity.

Presently, these financial systems coexist synergistically. The banking system maintains its role as a bedrock for economic operations, while digital assets complement by offering alternative avenues for value exchange and financial exploration. As both systems continue to evolve, it's likely that their interaction will shape the financial landscape in intricate and unexpected ways.

Why not use both? Tap offers the perfect solution to merging the best of both worlds through an innovative alt-banking mobile app. Through the app, users can load both fiat and cryptocurrencies into their unique, secure digital wallets and use both interchangeably to pay bills, send money to friends, and even earn interest. Get the best of both worlds by enjoying the benefits of both the traditional banking systems and cryptocurrencies. 

Why not harness the strengths of both paradigms? Embracing this dual approach, Tap presents a groundbreaking solution that seamlessly blends the attributes of both money accounts and digital assets within an innovative mobile application. Tap empowers users to effortlessly load fiat currencies alongside cryptocurrencies into their individualized, secure digital wallets.

This fusion enables users to fluidly alternate between these assets for various purposes, such as settling bills, conducting peer-to-peer transactions, and even capitalizing on interest-earning opportunities. By embracing this convergence, you can truly enjoy the advantages offered by both traditional finance and the dynamic potential of cryptocurrencies.

The Curve protocol and Curve DAO token form another innovative project to come from the DeFi movement and one that provides a particularly unique and well-designed concept. Improving on functionalities that DeFi platforms like Uniswap and Sushiswap have otherwise neglected, Curve focuses on providing a viable alternative solution to traditional financial platforms in the blockchain industry.  

The Curve Finance platform, launched in January 2020, later released a decentralised autonomous organisation (DAO) alongside the Curve DAO token eight months later. CRV functions as the in-house token of the platform.  

What Is Curve DAO (CRV)?

The Curve platform, formally known as Curve Finance, provides traders with a decentralised exchange on which to swap digital assets. Curve aims to provide minimum price slippage between two tradable crypto assets by focusing on stablecoins or assets of similar value. Through an automated market maker (AMM) and focused smart contracts, the decentralised exchange is able to manage liquidity.  

While the platform can be compared to Uniswap, in reality, it has some key differences and a much higher amount of locked liquidity. The platform and its liquidity providers are more focused on stablecoins and other coins of that nature. CRV tokens fuel the network and are a tradable asset for crypto users.

The Curve DAO provides more decentralised governance to Curve's trading platform. The Curve protocol has grown into a well-respected financial asset within the DeFi ecosystem with its strong DeFi protocol.

Who created the Curve protocol?

The Curve platform was created by a Russian scientist with ample experience in the crypto industry. Michael Egorov both founded the platform and acts as its CEO. He previously co-founded a crypto business focused on building privacy-oriented protocols and infrastructure, NuCypher, in 2015, as well as LoanCoin, a decentralised bank and loans network.

As of August 2020, Egorov holds 71% of the governance tokens after locking up a large amount of CRV tokens in response to yearn.finance’s increasing voting power in the Curve network. In a statement made later, Egorov admitted to “overreacting”.  

How does Curve work?

Launched prior to Uniswap V2, Curve Finance operates similarly to the DeFi platform but has implemented some key differences. The decentralised exchange differentiates itself from the original AMM platform by innovating the liquidity pool trading structure and relevant smart contracts.

The Curve DAO trading platform is managed by a mathematical function called a bonding curve, which is designed to let cryptocurrencies trade for the best possible price amongst each other. Bonding curves are also used by other DeFi trading platforms, like Uniswap.

Due to the Curve DAO platform being primarily focused on stablecoins, its bonding curve is specifically focused on these pegged digital currencies and is able to trade a larger amount of stablecoins with less change in their relative prices in a liquidity pool.

Lending pools

In order for the Curve DAO platform to operate, it requires a group of users who are willing to lock up their cryptocurrencies in order for them to be traded by others. The platform provides a return on their coins plus a portion of the fees from trades when incentivizing liquidity providers.

The platform manages the coins in the liquidity pools by making them more expensive or cheaper, based on their fluctuating amounts, thereby making them more attractive to buyers and sellers using the platform.

On Uniswap, liquidity pools are based strictly on predetermined trading pairs while on Curve DAO the liquidity pools comprise multiple assets. On Curve DAO, entire liquidity pools can also be used as an asset inside another liquidity pool.

How does a trader use the liquidity pools?

Once a trader adds liquidity to a specific pool, through stablecoins or other digital assets, the user will receive a token specific to that pool. 3pool is an example of one of the most popular liquidity pools on the Curve platform.  

While the platform is known to provide trading for stablecoins, it also supports mirrored assets such as renBTC and wBTC. These assets are both built on the Ethereum blockchain and track the price of Bitcoin in a typical derivatives fashion. Since the prices are close in value they can function in the same pool and be traded using the Curve DEX.

What is the Curve DAO token (CRV)?

The CRV token is the utility token and governance token of the Curve DAO platform, providing users with governance rights, an incentive structure for fee payments, as well as providing long-term rewards to liquidity providers. CRV tokens are awarded to users based on their liquidity commitment and length of ownership.  

The Curve DAO token was launched alongside the Curve DAO in August 2020. The maximum supply is 3.03 billion CRV tokens, with 62% of that being distributed to liquidity providers. The rest is allocated between employees (3%), and shareholders (30%), and a small percentage is kept for community reserves (5%). Employee and shareholder allocations work off of a two-year vesting schedule.  

At the time of writing, over 531 million CRV tokens are in circulation, roughly 16% of the total supply.  The market cap at the time was around $365 million, positioning the Curve DAO token network in the top 20 biggest platforms in the DeFi ecosystem.

How can I buy Curve DAO tokens?

If you’d like to buy Curve DAO tokens to include in your crypto portfolio, you can do so easily through the Tap mobile app. Providing a highly secure and equally simple crypto trading platform, users can buy CRV with British Pounds or Euros, or exchange tokens for other cryptocurrencies supported on the platform such as Bitcoin or Ethereum.  

Simply download the app, create an account and follow the steps to get verified through the KYC process. You will then have access to several wallets, and a much simpler crypto trading experience.  

The crypto industry can feel like it has a language of its own sometimes, so we're here to clear the air on the business of tickers. Tickers were first introduced to the trading world in the 19th century to make trading stock more efficient, listing merely an abbreviation of the company and not the full name. This concept was later adopted by the crypto industry too. In this article, we provide a guide to avoiding crypto ticker confusion.

What is a crypto ticker?

Crypto tickers are abbreviated forms of a cryptocurrency used to represent the coin on centralized and decentralized exchanges. For example, BTC is used for Bitcoin and ETH for Ethereum.

Can two cryptocurrencies have the same ticker?

As both cryptocurrencies will likely be searched for and traded on the same exchange, each will need its own ticker in order to differentiate from the other. It has however been witnessed that smaller coins have adopted a more prominent cryptocurrency's ticker in order to drive interest. This is often related to scam coins and should be considered a red flag. 

To simplify this guide we've broken it down into sections, covering tickers across payment focused cryptocurrencies, stablecoins, meme coins, development-focused platforms and a gaming platform.  ‍

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Payment-focused cryptocurrencies

Since Bitcoin was launched in 2009, many coins have followed in its footsteps, attempting to recreate a more efficient digital money. While this isn't a bad thing, there have been a number of digital assets adopting the word "Bitcoin" into their name which has caused a considerable amount of confusion. 

Here we take a look at the three most prominent payment-focused cryptocurrencies:

BTC - Bitcoin 

The first and biggest cryptocurrency in existence, Bitcoin is the most widely adopted coin to this day. 

LTC - Litecoin 

One of the most successful forks off of the Bitcoin blockchain, Litecoin provides fast and cheap transactions.

XRP - Ripple

XRP offers one of the fastest value transactions, challenging the SWIFT payment method with its blockchain functionalities. 

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Stablecoins

Stablecoins were created to combat the volatility that crypto markets have become known for. These coins are pegged to fiat currencies, ensuring that their value remains the equivalent to one unit at all times. Stablecoins have gained popularity since the launch of the DeFi movement, and both these coins are in the top 5 biggest cryptocurrencies based on market cap. 

USDC - USD Coin

USD Coin is pegged to the US dollar and was launched in 2018 by payment services company Circle and Coinbase.

USDT - Tether

Also pegged to the US dollar, Tether was launched by a Hong Kong-based company Tether in 2014. Tether is the first stablecoin to come into existence. 

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Meme Coins

Since the rise of Dogecoin, many cryptocurrencies have attempted to leverage the brand and incorporate the star Shiba Inu logo. Most of these coins have a minute market cap, so we'll focus on the two biggest ones, which are both currently positioned in the top 15 biggest cryptocurrencies based on market cap. 

DOGE - Dogecoin

The original meme token, Dogecoin was created in 2013 from a hard fork off of the Litecoin blockchain. Dogecoin remains the biggest meme token to date. 

SHIB - Shiba Inu

Leveraging the success of Dogecoin, Shiba Inu was launched in 2020 and provides a crypto ecosystem compared to Dogecoin's simple payment functionality. 

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Development-Focused Cryptocurrencies

Since the rise of Ethereum and the incredible innovation, it has provided a platform for, many other projects have launched a similar concept where developers can also create dapps. While they all share this common denominator, each project brings something unique to the table. 

ETH - Ethereum

The original development-focused platform, Ethereum was launched in 2015 and is the most widely used by developers. Often susceptible to high transaction fees, many other projects have attempted to rectify this problem. 

ADA - Cardano

Cardano was created by a co-founder of the Ethereum network and through rigorous academic research aims to provide a more streamlined platform on which developers can create blockchain-based applications.

DOT - Polkadot

Polkadot focuses on providing interconnectivity and interoperability between blockchains, allowing inoperable blockchains to exchange data and value.

LINK - Chainlink

Chainlink is an oracle network that allows smart contracts to connect with outside data, providing a "bridge" between blockchains and off-chain environments.

SOL - Solana

Solana is a high-performance blockchain that provides dapp and smart contract creation. Solana provides a faster and more cost-effective alternative to Ethereum.

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Gaming Platform

Last but not least, we'll also cover this metaverse-focused coin which functions to assist the inner workings of the virtual reality game of the same name. 

MANA - Decentraland

Launched in 2020, MANA operates as the in-house currency for players using the Decentraland platform. The coin can also be traded in the outside world on many popular exchanges. 

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An Informative Guide To Avoiding Crypto Ticker Confusion

We hope the guide above helps to dispel any crypto ticker confusion, particularly as you embark on your crypto investment journey. While the world waits for cryptocurrencies to become regulated, if you're looking to get in before this takes place, Tap provides a convenient, simple and secure solution to buy, sell and store cryptocurrencies.

All coins are displayed with their real-time price, allowing anyone, anywhere to obtain one of the digital currencies on offer using simply a bank transfer.

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In a string of new crypto assets available on Tap Global, Chainlink is one of the latest supported cryptocurrencies. The platform is renowned for being one of the biggest oracle platforms in the cryptosphere, making it possible for real-world data to communicate with blockchain applications.

Okay, so it's time to break down exactly what Chainlink is. You might be wondering why you should even care about this network when there are plenty of other decentralized projects out there. It all comes down to the fact that Chainlink aims to fix one obstacle that has prevented smart contracts from becoming more widespread in business and industry. Below we take a deeper look at what Chainlink is and what the platform has to offer. 

What is Chainlink (LINK)? 

Chainlink is a decentralized oracle platform designed to merge the blockchain world with the real world through data integration. The main aim of the platform is to allow smart contracts to capture real-world data, merging the two worlds.

Smart contracts are digital agreements that automatically execute when the agreed-upon conditions are met. Native to the blockchain industry, there is a significant gap between smart contracts capturing blockchain-specific data and external data like the weather, fiat currencies prices, sports scores, etc. 

Bitcoin, for instance, has a very small range of these input capabilities, while Ethereum can handle more due to its smart contract functionality. Chainlink is designed to provide a far greater range of input across the blockchain space through its network of oracles. 

These oracles are data providers that provide a bridge between smart contracts and external data sources. Each oracle is incentivized through a "reputation score" system to provide accurate data and rewarded accordingly with the platform's native token, LINK. 

Who Created Chainlink?

In 2014, Sergey Nazarov and Steve Ellis created a platform called SmartContract which allows smart contracts to come to life by connecting them to external data and widely accepted bank payments. This acted as the prelude to what would become Chainlink. 

The first version of Chainlink first emerged on the scene in mid-2017, founded by SmartContract. Three months later, the Chainlink whitepaper was launched by Navarov and Ellis. This was followed by a successful ICO which raised funds equating to $32 million, selling roughly 35% of the max supply of 1 billion LINK, funding the further development of the platform.

How does Chainlink works?

Alright, so now let's dig down into the nitty-gritty of how Chainlink works. Chainlink allows smart contracts to access external data. To do this, it provides an off-chain infrastructure that links smart contracts to all kinds of different data providers. This makes it much easier for smart contracts to get the information they need. The smart contract can then use this data in whatever way it needs to.

The first thing to understand is that smart contracts need external data in order to do their jobs. This makes sense, right? Your standard contract clearly specifies what happens when certain conditions are met. So what determines whether (and when) those conditions occur? Usually, it's some external force that a smart contract simply doesn't know about.

That means a blockchain-based smart contract can't fulfil its purpose without a way to get information from outside of the blockchain. So what do you do? You could have every individual app developer write their own oracles for each and every smart contract... or you can use a decentralized oracle network.

But what is the difference between centralized and decentralized oracles? Chainlink is great because it can be used to provide an 'outside view' to smart contracts... chainlink allows blockchain applications to securely access off-chain resources like traditional APIs, bank payments, and any other resource that's not currently on the blockchain.

Chainlink provides the security that developers need to run smart contracts without worrying about whether their favourite API is having problems. Chainlink also makes it possible for new data sources to be added to any smart contract which needs them.

Chainlink has three main processes in which it facilitates the communication of off-chain data with on-chain smart contracts. This is done through oracle selection, data reporting and result aggregation, as outlined below.

Oracle Selection

In this step, network users create a service-level agreement (SLA) outlining a set of desired data requirements. The platform then connects that SLA with relevant oracles providing that data. Parameters are then set and the user submits the SLA and deposits the required amount of LINK into what is called an Order-Matching contract, which is matched to the best bidding oracles. 

Data Reporting

Oracles then acquire the necessary real-world data outlined in the SLA from external sources, process the information and send it back to the smart contracts operating on the Chainlink network.

Result Aggregation

The results obtained by the data oracles are then tallied in an Aggregation contract, which assesses the validity of the data. It then allocates a score of the sum of all the data received to the user. This "track record" is used to verify an oracle's integrity, keeping a log of its completed requests, amount of LINK staked and average response time. 

Chainlink is also able to connect with oracles outside of its own blockchain network which is able to collect real-world data requested by the contracts. This process is managed by the Chainlink Core and Chainlink Adapter nodes. 

The network uses a Proof-of-Stake (Pos) consensus, relying on a staking protocol to ensure the network's security. 

How does Chainlink benefit me?

Chainlink is a decentralized oracle network that allows smart contracts to connect to external data sources. These can include APIs, internal systems, or other types of external data feeds. Chainlink's goal is to create a platform where developers aren't restricted from having their smart contracts interact with the outside world in any way they see fit.

You can start using Chainlink right away - no new platforms to learn, APIs to configure or other complex integrations.

chain link will never charge a fee for access to any of our oracle services. Our only source of revenue is the tokens you stake when retrieving outsourced data from your peers on the network.

What is LINK?

LINK is the native token to the Chainlink network and facilitates the communication of data. Considered to be an essential tool in merging blockchain technology with real-world applications, the token has gained wide popularity in the blockchain industry. Users use LINK to pay the nodes for their retrieving, verifying and sending of data. These prices are established by the node operator and based on the current market and demand for that data.

The node operators stake LINK in the Chainlink network to prove their commitment and good intentions. Nodes with bigger stakes take priority over nodes with smaller ones when matching them with SLAs.

LINK is an ERC20 token that powers the ChainLink Network. The LINK token serves three primary purposes:

1. A method to pay ChainLink Node operators for the retrieval of data from off-chain data feeds, like web APIs and other inputs
2. Incentivize the development of oracles that provide data to smart contracts.
3. A method of staking by clients who want access to our oracle network. 

The primary purpose of the LINK token is to secure the network by staking them. The user must stake a certain amount of LINK tokens to run a ChainLink node, which then acts as an oracle. In return, the user is paid for providing this service.

How to buy Chainlink

If you'd like to incorporate LINK in your crypto portfolio you can easily do so through our app. Simply trade any of your current crypto or fiat portfolios for LINK. You can as well purchase ChainLink using a credit card or debit card directly on Tap. We provide the most convenient means to purchase LINK using Visa or MasterCard. If you're ready to take the next step and want to buy some ChainLink, take the next step with Tap!

Cryptocurrency whitepapers are detailed documents that outline the project's intentions, products, and infrastructure. While there isn't a rule on what needs to be included, most projects aim to share as much information about how the project aims to succeed in the hopes of building investors' trust, and interest.

Some of the topics typically covered include a summary of the project's team, goals, products, features, and tokenomics. When researching a blockchain or cryptocurrency project, whitepapers are a very good place to start.

What is a whitepaper?

A typical cryptocurrency whitepaper is usually a report or guide that teaches its readers about a certain topic or problem. As an example, developers might make a whitepaper covering their software to inform users about what they are constructing and why.

In the crypto space, a whitepaper is released by a project and assists in outlining the technical guidelines and core features of the project. While many whitepapers focus on specific coins or tokens, they can also be concentrated around various types of projects, like decentralized finance (DeFi) platforms, for example.

Cryptocurrency whitepapers will typically consist of statistics and diagrams outlining the project's core date, as well as the governing structure of the project, the team involved in creating and leading it, and their roadmap (current and future development plans).

What value do crypto project whitepapers serve?

Despite not being worth a monetary value, whitepapers play an important role in the crypto space. While there are no official criteria for creating them, whitepapers are integral to investors, researchers, developers, and industry insiders.

A great place to start for anyone interested in a project is to read through the whitepaper. If you're considering investing, it's best to meticulously read through it again. Whitepapers often provide insights into the project's potential red flags and a means to monitor whether they are sticking to their forecasted timeline.

A number of blockchain projects that have crashed displayed subtle warning signs in their whitepaper, like promising a deliverable without providing any evidence on how it will be executed.

How does one make a cryptocurrency whitepaper?

There are no official rules or outlines that projects need to follow when creating a crypto whitepaper, each blockchain project may determine what is best for that individual situation. As mentioned earlier, these are often the first official documents outlining the project to potential investors, so thorough and informative content depicting the project's structure, goals, and roadmap is best included.

Whitepapers should always be neutral, and avoid persuasive language or making too many promises. This is essentially a "business plan" in the crypto sense released to investors or the public prior to launching.

What info is included whitepaper?

Objectives

Whitepapers are created by founders to provide a comprehensive overview of both the project and the goal. For instance, Bitcoin's whitepaper describes the project's core objective as "A purely peer-to-peer version of electronic cash would allow online payments to be sent directly from one party to another without going through a financial institution."

While Ethereum's whitepaper describes its intention as "The intent of Ethereum is to create an alternative protocol for building decentralized applications."

In a good cryptocurrency whitepaper, the project will outline what specific problem it aims to solve, and how it will improve various aspects of people's lives. Be cautious of projects that promise the world but have little in the way of evidence to back these claims. In the ICO boom of 2017, thousands of projects overpromised and underdelivered (if they delivered at all).

Blockchain specifications

Whitepapers will typically include how the cryptocurrency will work and function in the greater crypto ecosystem. This might outline technical aspects like the consensus mechanism the blockchain will utilize and how the decentralized aspect of the network will function.

Tokenomics

Another core piece of information that should be included in a project's whitepaper is the tokenomics. This will include information on the token, how it will be allocated, whether will it participate in token burns, or any incentive mechanisms.

Roadmaps

Roadmaps (a project timeline)are not just useful to see how a project aims to deliver on its objectives, but also provide insights into whether the project can keep up with its promises. While missing a deadline isn't a deal breaker in the crypto space, being open and communicating why is important.

Readability

A well-articulated whitepaper will typically be written in a manner that anyone can understand them. However, its important for the new blockchain project to also include certain technical specifications to provide evidence of the project's competence. Anyone can write a whitepaper, it takes technical know-how to create a blockchain platform.

Tips for reading a cryptocurrency whitepaper

• first and foremost, ALWAYS read a project's whitepaper before investing
• read whitepapers with a pinch of salt, they must be neutral and not over-promise
• Look into the team members and their experience in the crypto and blockchain realm
• a great idea doesn't necessarily mean it will be used or adopted
• look for technical explanations that showcase the project's understanding

Examples of crypto projects’ whitepapers

The Bitcoin whitepaper (2008)

The instigator of the entire cryptocurrency industry, Satoshi Nakamoto, an anonymous individual or group, published the Bitcoin whitepaper in 2008. The paper is called "Bitcoin: A Peer-to-Peer Electronic Cash System."

The whitepaper explains how Bitcoin can be used as a more efficient and decentralized form of money, outside the traditional banking model. It gives technical explanations of how the peer-to-peer Bitcoin network allows users to send digital currency without intermediaries. The whitepaper also outlines how the Bitcoin network is resistant to censorship and double-spending attacks.

The project launched two months later in January 2009.

The Ethereum whitepaper (2014)

While Bitcoin launched the crypto industry, Ethereum played a pivotal role in the development of the blockchain space. The Ethereum whitepaper was published in 2014 by a young developer named Vitalik Buterin and titled "Ethereum whitepaper: A Next Generation Smart Contract & Decentralized Application Platform."

In the Ethereum whitepaper, Vitalik outlines how the platform's intentions differ from Bitcoin's. The whitepaper outlined how the platform would allow developers to create and launch decentralized applications (now commonly known as dapps) and included technological solutions that backed these goals, such as the Ethereum Virtual Machine and smart contracts.

In conclusion

Crypto whitepapers are not legally regulated, meaning that anyone can write one. Although a cryptocurrency whitepaper should provide readers with an understanding of what the project plans to do and how, it's crucial, if you're interested in a particular project, to consider red flags and risks when reading through the document.

Building wealth doesn't have to wait until you're settled down and "old". In fact, the sooner you start the better. Whether you want to buy a house one day, or start saving for retirement, starting to generate wealth earlier on will help you achieve these goals sooner.

Your 20’s & 30’s pose an excellent opportunity to build wealth as these years allow you to learn from your mistakes and take risks with a minimal downside (far fewer than if you started this process when you've got a family to support or an upcoming retirement).

There are two important notions to remember: this is not a get-rich-quick scheme, nor does it need to be complicated. Building wealth is more about setting yourself up on the fast but responsible track to wealth in later years.

8 Tips on how to build wealth

Below are 8 tips on how to stay on the straight and narrow when it comes to generating wealth.

1. Create a living expenses budget and stick to it

It might not sound glamorous, but budgeting and saving money is not as bad as you think. Creating a budget for your living expenses (and sticking to it) is one of the surest ways to grow your money in the long term. Explore options like the 50/30/20 rule or 70/20/20 rule to establish what to spend on needs, wants, and savings each month and provide frameworks that allow you to save more money.

Living on a budget doesn't mean skimping on luxuries, it simply means managing spending money on luxuries and not overspending. It also trains us not to live paycheck to paycheck and instead determine exactly what we are spending our money on and ultimately save more money for the things we want to do in life (like buy a house or build a healthy retirement fund).

Financial independence takes work but is not entirely out of reach for anyone. One needs to start building a financial plan today in order to accumulate wealth further down the line.

2. Start eradicating your debt (from credit card debt to student loan debt)

Prioritise paying off your debt and living within your means in order to build your personal capital. Of course, sometimes debt is unavoidable, but bouncing back is imperative to building wealth down the line. Consider saving up to pay off your debt before using those savings for investments.

The 20/10 rule stipulates that you use a maximum of 20% of your annual net income on consumer debt, while each month you use no more than 10% of your net monthly income to pay off this debt. Ideally, stay away from consumer debt entirely and prioritize paying off anything you owe so that you can have more money in the long run.

3. Explore the working world

Your 20s are a great time to try new things in the job world. Explore new opportunities and build your experiences to grow your earning potential down the line. Consider each new job experience an opportunity to grow your skill set and increase your earning potential as you ascend the corporate jungle gym.

While a job might not pay more money, the experience it gives you can leverage your next job and result in greater financial success. It also might help you find money-minded friends, a great benefit to have when building wealth and personal capital.

4. Increase your income streams and make more money

While you're gaining experience in the working world consider building multiple income streams through side hustles, your own business or freelance gigs. Not only will this too contribute to a wider skill set, but will also create additional income streams which can be used for investments or holidays. You can build wealth while enjoying life, and additional income streams are the surefire way to do this and achieve financial freedom.

5. Educate yourself on finances

You're more likely to grow financially if you understand finances. Never underestimate the power of being financially literate and having the right money mindset. Use your twenties to read books, articles, and blogs to gain both knowledge and street-smartness to help you navigate your journey to financial freedom.

6. Investing

First, and as a continuation of the point above, do your own research before investing in any asset class. Investing from an early age can have ample benefits (read up on compound interest for one), but doing so without understanding how investments work can have dire consequences. Educate yourself or consult a professional, and start small. You don't need a huge amount of capital to get started.

7. Build an emergency fund

An emergency fund is 3-6 months' worth of living expenses and is a major contributor to financial wellness and laying the right financial foundation for later in life. Emergencies in life are inevitable, whether it be a medical emergency, a family crisis, or a car or house emergency, and an emergency fund is a surefire way of avoiding financial ruin as a result.

Learn more about building an emergency fund in our 7 simple steps to start (and build) your emergency fund article.

8. Get started with your retirement fund

It might not sound sexy, but starting to save for your retirement in your 20s is ideal. Starting to save for retirement when it's right around the corner isn't advised, so why not start now so that it can grow into something substantial by that time? Imagine what two to three decades of retirement savings might look like, compared to a few years.

As always, do your research and start small. You might even find that you can retire much earlier than expected. This is the number one mistake that young people make today.

In Conclusion

There's no time like the present to start considering your financial situation and what you can do now to make it prosper in the years to come. Avoid get-rich-quick schemes and use the time to take educated risks, the earlier you start working on your growing wealth journey, the better.

Even if you're not earning a lot, be diligent and consistent and you will see results. Start building these habits now and you will reap the rewards along the way.

Disclaimer: This article is intended for communication purposes only, you should not consider any such information, opinions, or other material as financial advice.

We've all been caught off guard with an emergency payment - from having to replace an appliance to an unexpected medical bill. These things happen and they're out of our control, so it's best to be prepared. Emergency funds are the best way to protect yourself, and a great way to start building your savings. 

These unforeseen expenses shouldn't cripple your savings. With an emergency savings fund, you can recover more quickly and get back on track to achieving your financial goals with little to no stress.

What is an emergency fund?

An emergency fund is easily accessible money stored in a bank account set aside specifically for unexpected expenses or financial emergencies, anything from medical expenses to a loss of income. Emergency savings are typically used for unplanned expenses that fall outside of your normal monthly spending, with the funds stored in a savings account.

These funds allow you to weather the storm and avoid the need (and costs) of taking out a high-interest loan or credit card debt. Keeping the funds in a savings account removes the temptation to spend it, as would be the case if you stored the funds in a checking account.

Why emergency savings are important

Emergency or unexpected expenses without the proper precautions can quickly turn into debt or take a toll on your savings goals. And if hit with two or more in a row, this might cause long-term consequences that cause havoc on your finances. 

Rather rest assured knowing that you have an emergency fund in place should something unexpected happen than fall back on costly loans and credit cards, or even other savings accounts like your retirement savings. 

Emergency funds play an essential role in any reliable financial plan, providing peace of mind and a buffer for your other savings accounts. These funds can be used during periods of unemployment, the sudden death of a family member, illness and disability, or emergency home and auto repairs. Never underestimate the importance of an emergency fund and its impact on your financial well-being should something go wrong.

Start your emergency fund with these 7 simple steps

1. Review your monthly budget and see where you can save

It's critical to understand where your money is going so you can find ways to save it. Budgeting allows you to maximize your income and discover methods to decrease or control your spending.

To do this you can sit down with a financial advisor, or take matters into your own hand with your checking account statements, a pen and paper or a budgeting app. Be sure to review both your checking and savings accounts to get a clear picture. This is the first step in improving your financial health, and to start building your emergency fund.

2. Establish a goal amount for your emergency fund 

A budget is a plan for spending that helps you figure out how much money you'll need each month to meet your essential expenses. A general rule of thumb when looking to build an emergency fund goal is to aim for six months' worth of income, enough to cover monthly expenses for housing, food, and transportation. 

Don't be discouraged by how long this will take, rather establish a goal to work towards and move forward in that direction. Ideally, you want to be able to cover your living expenses for six months.

3. Create a direct deposit to your savings account

Avoid temptation by setting up a direct deposit from your current bank account (or wherever you receive your income) to your savings account. Better yet, you can create a split direct debit which allows you to automatically allocate funds to various accounts, including retirement funds etc. 

If you're new to saving, experts recommend starting with an emergency fund, and once you've established this, move on to other savings accounts. If you already have a retirement fund or money market account set up, continue with this while building your emergency fund. 

4. Little by little increase your savings

Increase the amount you're putting into your emergency fund by 1 percent or a certain amount over time until you've reached your savings goal. Increasing amounts gradually might help to make the smaller deposit into your checking account seem less noticeable and steadily build financial security.

5. Direct any unexpected income straight to your savings accounts

Commit to redirecting any unexpected income to your emergency fund, at least until you have reached your saving goal. This might be money from a bonus, inheritance, a tax refund, lottery winnings etc. 

6. And once you've reached your goal? Save some more

Being unemployed for more than a year or being hospitalized for several months are both situations that require more than a six-month cushion. Should you find yourself here you’ll be glad you have more money saved in your emergency fund.

7. Find a bank account with perks that can kickstart your savings

When opening new checking or savings accounts, shop around by observing bank or credit union offers. Some banks offer cash incentives to new customers. Use this to kickstart your emergency fund, or to add a little extra to an already established one. 

In conclusion

An emergency fund provides a cushion for unplanned events and can help you avoid taking on credit card debt or taking out a personal loan. By putting your emergency money in a high-yield savings account as opposed to checking and savings accounts, you can earn interest while you save money and build your nest egg.

Having an emergency fund saved in a separate account prevents you from spending the money and ensures that it is accessible in the case of an emergency. Emergencies can occur whether or not you are prepared; as a result, being prepared is the best way to deal with a potentially difficult scenario.

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What is scarcity?

Scarcity is a crucial concept that highlights the gap between our endless needs and the limited resources available in the world. This idea isn't just about everyday goods and services; it's also vital in the investment world. Understanding scarcity helps explain how we make decisions about resource use, how markets function, and how prices are set. Whether you're thinking about global resource challenges or investment opportunities, grasping the impact of scarcity is essential for navigating both.

Definition of scarcity

In economic terms, scarcity means there is a finite supply of raw materials, land, labour and capital available, while the demands and desires of individuals, businesses and society as a whole are effectively limitless. 

From an investing point of view, scarcity can be seen in the limited number of high-quality stocks available on the market. While there are a growing number of investors seeking profitable opportunities, there are only so many well-performing companies to invest in. 

This scarcity often drives up the prices of top-performing stocks, as more investors compete to own shares in these limited number of attractive companies. As a result, investors must carefully prioritise their investment choices, balancing potential returns against the higher costs of investing in scarce, in-demand assets.

Factors affecting scarcity

Economists use the term scarcity to explain why some goods or resources that were once plentiful become limited over time. We can break down the main causes of scarcity into three types:

• Demand-induced scarcity: This occurs when people want more of something than is available. For example, when a new, popular video game console is released, it might sell out quickly as demand outstrips the initial supply.
• Supply-induced scarcity: This happens when outside factors make it harder to produce or obtain a resource, reducing its availability without necessarily changing how much people want it. An instance of this could be a shortage of computer chips due to manufacturing disruptions, affecting the production of electronic devices.
• Structural or relative scarcity: This type of scarcity arises when some groups have better access to a resource than others. Often, this inequality stems from political or economic factors rather than the actual amount of the resource available.

Scarcity across different industries

Scarcity hits different industries in unique ways. In agriculture, things like droughts or poor harvests can reduce food supplies, pushing prices up and changing what people eat. For tech, shortages of parts like microchips can slow down production, make gadgets more expensive, and limit what's available to consumers. 

While in healthcare, running low on essential medicines or equipment can drive up costs and restrict access to care. These scarcities affect how much gets made, the prices we pay, and the choices we have to make about what we can afford or get access to.

In finance, scarcity also plays a crucial role. Limited capital resources mean investors must choose carefully where to allocate their funds while scarcity of investment opportunities can drive up asset prices in popular economic sectors. 

How scarcity impacts us

In modern society, scarcity impacts everyone-individuals, businesses, and governments. For people, it means making tough choices about how to spend their money and what to prioritise. 

Businesses, on the other hand, face challenges in sourcing materials or managing production, which can affect their prices and operations, while governments must navigate scarcity when creating policies, balancing budgets, and addressing public needs. 

Scarcity drives economic policies by influencing decisions on resource allocation, investment, and regulation. It also shapes market dynamics in economics, as shifts in supply and demand affect prices and availability of goods and services, impacting the overall economy.

Scarcity in economics

From an investing perspective, scarcity refers to the limited availability of an asset compared to high demand, which can drive up its value. It occurs when resources or assets are in short supply relative to the number of buyers interested. Factors causing scarcity include finite resource limits, increased demand, or disruptions in supply chains. 

For investors, scarcity can make certain assets more attractive, as their limited nature can lead to higher prices and potential returns. Looking at Bitcoin as an example, it has a maximum supply of 21 million coins, which implies that when the supply gets more scarce, the price might be driven up. 

Strategies to address scarcity in markets

Whether you're investing or trading, here are 6 strategies that can help you navigate the markets with confidence:

• Diversify Your Investments: Spread your investments across different areas to reduce the impact if one sector faces issues.
• Choose Stable Sectors: Opt for areas or assets that are less likely to face supply problems, such as those with abundant resources.
• Explore New Markets and Technologies: Look into emerging markets or innovative technologies that could offer growth opportunities.
• Focus on Long-Term Value: Consider assets like real estate or commodities that are likely to maintain their value over time.
• Stay Informed: Keep track of market trends and changes in supply and demand to adapt to scarcity.
• Consider Sustainability: Invest in projects or technologies that use resources efficiently and could help address future scarcity challenges.

These are simply suggestions to consider and not financial advice, please do thorough research before implementing any of these strategies.

Conclusion

Scarcity is a key idea in economics that shows the gap between our endless desires and the limited resources available. It affects everyone, from our daily choices to how businesses and governments plan. 

By understanding scarcity, we can make better investment decisions, manage resources wisely, and craft effective policies. This understanding is essential for navigating markets, balancing needs, and ensuring resources are used effectively.

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In recent years, cryptocurrency, and therefore cryptocurrency exchanges, have firmly established themselves in the global financial market. As they become increasingly popular, many concerns have been raised over the regulation of these entities, and how they are preventing illicit monetary activity from taking place. 

In an attempt to crack down on funds being illegally moved, exchanges are required to implement KYC (Know Your Customer) and AML (anti-money laundering) policies. Regulatory bodies are working to build legal frameworks for the industry, in an attempt to fight crime conducted using blockchain technology. 

The biggest challenge for these regulatory bodies is to find a solution that doesn't hamper the innovative qualities of cryptocurrencies. 

In the UK there is the Financial Conduct Authority, a financial regulatory body that operates outside of the UK government. In 2020, the FCA required every company participating in any crypto activity in the sector to comply with its Money Laundering, Terrorist Financing and Transfer of Funds (Information on the Payer) Regulations 2017 policy (the 'MLR's). This obligation requires crypto service providers to complete the necessary registration and infrastructural requirements.

What is AML in crypto?

AML stands for anti-money laundering and involves protocols that ensure that every transaction can be tied to an identity, thus providing greater transparency. This ensures that if any suspicious activity is flagged, the origins and/or destination of the funds can be confirmed on the platform.

Due to the anonymous, or more accurately pseudonymous, nature of cryptocurrencies, many believe that it provides an easy opportunity for ill actors to engage in money laundering. Money laundering is the act of changing large amounts of illicit income into a legitimate avenue, the money is "laundered" so as to appear clean.

While cryptocurrencies seemingly provide a perfect platform for money laundering due to the lack of central authority or third parties, AML processes are implemented on exchanges to stop this activity in its tracks. 

What are the risks hindering AML practices?

The first risk that challenges AML practices is privacy coins, cryptocurrencies designed to conceal transactions and the relevant information attached to them. Platforms like Monero offer users the opportunity to send funds with no record of the transaction taking place. 

The data associated with the transactions like the sender, receiver and amount sent are encrypted and often broken up when stored on the blockchain to ensure they are untraceable. 

The second risk is coin join platforms that mix cryptocurrency transactions, hiding the origin and destination of the funds. These platforms essentially provide a service that can make ordinary cryptocurrencies anonymous. 

While cryptocurrencies have their benefits, there are a number of challenges they pose to regulatory bodies, AML and CFT (Combating the Financing of Terrorism) intentions:

• The anonymity they can provide
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• Opportunity for gaps when transacting cross-border transactions
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• Absence of one central authority to ensure compliance
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• The limited scope of identity verification processes

Differentiating between illicit activity and investors just wanting to safeguard their investments is a tricky business. Bad actors might make use of paper wallets to hide funds and keep them secret, while an investor might make use of a paper wallet in order to protect their funds against theft. 

AML in crypto exchanges

Despite the challenges it faces, AML has proven to be valuable in cracking down on illegal activity conducted on crypto exchanges. 

In July, $1.45 billion worth of illegal cross-border crypto transactions were traced back to 33 individuals on the South Korean exchange, Bithump. The platform quickly banned all foreign transactions, requiring a mobile KYC verification, and increased the KYC requirements so as to align with the country's AML regulations. 

Bitcoin ATMs, a notorious option for mixing funds, have come together to form the Cryptocurrency Compliance Cooperative (CCC). This operation calls for cash-based cryptocurrency services, financial institutions, and regulators to participate in building universal compliance factors. 

Does AML help or hinder the crypto market?

While AML tends to go against the decentralized nature of cryptocurrencies, the crypto community actively welcomes these regulatory efforts as it drives more trust and interest in the market on top of innovation and adoption. For example, an institution or retail investor is more likely to invest in a regulated asset than in a lawless, anything-goes market. 

It's 2024 and you've decided to get involved in the crypto industry and find out what the fuss is all about. You've made a smart choice, and we're pleased to welcome you. In this step-by-step guide, we'll be showing you a simple overview of how to complete the following:

• Create an account
• Deposit funds
• Buy Bitcoin, Ethereum or any other cryptocurrency
• Sell a cryptocurrency
• Withdrawal funds

Investing in digital currencies can feel daunting at first, but once you've made your first purchase, transaction, or sale, you'll see that using cryptocurrencies is simpler than expected. Be sure to keep an eye on market prices, as volatility in the crypto industry can go through waves, and educate yourself on the coins that you wish to purchase. Whether you're a trader/investor in the UK, EU, EEA, or USA, everyone can gain access to the crypto markets through the Tap mobile app.

In this article, we're going to show you the ropes, guide you through the process and explain step-by-step how to gain the skills to successfully operate in the crypto space and increase your investment portfolio. No previous trading experience is necessary (stocks or crypto).

Step 1: create an account

The first and most important decision to make before buying cryptocurrencies is determining where to buy them from. With plenty of options available on the market and plenty more news stories about them, it's imperative that you select a trustworthy and reliable source.

The Tap mobile app ticks these boxes and proves so by being licensed and regulated by the Gibraltar Financial Services Commission. The platform has over 300,000 registered users, at the time of writing, operates in 28 countries across the globe, and has been nominated multiple times for PAY360 Awards (previously the Emerging Payments Awards). 

To create an account on Tap, simply follow these steps:

• Download the Tap mobile app from either the Apple or Google Play store.
• Create an account by filling in the relevant information. If you make a mistake, simply go back and alter it before moving to the next step.
• Once the account is set up you will be asked to complete the KYC / identity verification process. Simply follow the onscreen prompts and submit the required information. 
• You will receive an email confirmation once your account is all set up. 

Step 2: deposit funds

In order to buy cryptocurrency through the Tap app, you will need to deposit funds. This can be done in both crypto and fiat currencies, however, we will focus on the fiat deposits today. 

• Select the Cash option in the top horizontal menu.
• Select the fiat currency you would like to deposit, your options are US dollars, Pound Sterling, or Euros. 
• We're selecting GBP, then select one of the options: deposit or debit card top-up. 
• Fill in the relevant information and perform the transaction. 
• Once the funds have cleared they will appear in the relevant Cash wallet. 

Step 3: Buy Bitcoin, Ethereum, or any other cryptocurrency

Now for the exciting part! It's time to buy digital currency. For the sake of this tutorial, we're going to show you how to buy Bitcoin, however, the process is consistent across all cryptocurrencies. 

• In the top horizontal menu, select Cryptocurrencies.
• Choose the cryptocurrency you would like to purchase. 
• Once in the crypto wallet, select the blue Buy button. 
• You'll be given the option to decide how to pay, simply scroll to the bottom and select Pound Sterling (or the crypto or fiat currency that you deposited).
• Enter the amount that you would like to purchase.
• Select the Execute Trade button.
• Once the transaction is completed, the funds will appear in your Bitcoin wallet. 

Step 4: Sell A Cryptocurrency

Now that you're familiar with how to buy crypto, it's high time you learned how to sell. 

• To sell Bitcoin (or any other cryptocurrency), go to the relevant wallet in the Crypto section.
• Select the blue Sell button. 
• From here you can decide whether you'd like to sell the cryptocurrency for another cryptocurrency or for a fiat currency. In this example, we'll sell BTC for GBP. 
• Select the Pound Sterling option and enter the amount of BTC you'd like to sell.
• Proceed with the Execute Trade button.
• The funds will then be available in your Cash GBP wallet.

Step 5: Withdrawal Funds

Completing the final process in this step-by-step guide, we're going to explain how to withdraw funds. You have several options here as the Tap app allows users to withdraw funds directly into their bank account, instantly send funds to other Tap users, or withdraw cryptocurrencies.

• In the top horizontal menu, select Cash.
• Choose the Withdraw button, located underneath your balance. 
• Select the option most preferable to you: Instant, to a Tap user; bank transfer; Crypto withdrawal. 
• Follow the relevant instructions and select Execute Trade once complete. 

Tap into a brighter future with crypto

On top of the simple and easy-to-use app, Tap also offers highly secure wallet solutions that are integrated into your account from the get-go. With Tap, you can securely store and manage a wide range of cryptocurrencies from one convenient location, and even more easily spend them using the Tap card.

Bitcoin 101

Here are several frequently asked questions regarding Bitcoin, the first cryptocurrency to come into existence.

Many investors have made a lot of money through the stock markets, however, in recent years a new asset class has entered the scene. Not just any asset class, the best performing asset in the last decade. While conservative investors have steered clear, many investors have incorporated cryptocurrencies into their investment portfolios. 

In this article, we explore the differences between crypto vs stocks. While investments are driven by profits, understanding the difference between the two and what each one is is arguably fundamental to making any money from them. 

What Are Stocks? 

Stock, also referred to as equity or shares, is a financial product sold by companies that offer a percentage of ownership in the company. These "certificates of ownership" entitle the holder to dividends from the company's market performance. 

Stock in a company holds equal risk and reward. Should the company have a bad year, the stock price will reflect this with a decline in the unit price, but should it perform very well the price will increase. The profits are shared through a simple transaction.

These financial products are legally considered securities and are used by businesses or governments to raise capital from the market, offering the holder part ownership in the company selling the stock. Stocks are traded on authorised stock exchanges, of which there are over 60 around the world. The most popular are NASDAQ and the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) which manage the sales of stocks relevant to that platform.

What Are Cryptocurrencies?

Cryptocurrencies are digital assets native to blockchain platforms. The first cryptocurrency launched in 2009 and provided an alternative cash system that allowed users to transact and store their funds without the authorisation of a third party. As a solution to the global financial crisis plaguing the world at the time, Bitcoin offered a decentralized solution to people taking control of their own money.

Following the launch of development-focused Ethereum several years later, cryptocurrencies started to offer solutions beyond just payment platforms. There are over 20,000 cryptocurrencies on the market today, ranging from utility tokens to governance tokens to meme tokens. 

Cryptocurrencies are defined as using blockchain technology to facilitate and maintain the network. Blockchain ensures that all transactions are recorded in a public ledger for anyone to see and are immutable. They also use cryptography to ensure the security of the network established through an elaborate means of information.

Cryptocurrencies can be traded on the following platforms, each incurring its own fees:

• peer-to-peer exchanges, where cryptocurrencies are directly traded between two users
• Decentralized exchanges, largely unregulated exchanges where there is no central authority 
• Centralized exchanges, operated as a business with an entity in charge and managing operations as well as regulatory obligations

Cryptocurrencies are largely considered to be "digital commodities" around the world, however, most countries are in the process of building a legal framework to better identify and regulate the new asset class. 

Due to their incredible growth and price gains over the last decade, cryptocurrencies have become a widely popular investment vehicle for both retail and institutional investors. 

Do You Have to Pay Taxes on Cryptocurrency?

As is the case with profits gained from any investment, individuals are required to pay taxes on their crypto earnings. While this remains largely unregulated, most countries have created a legal framework that requires users to pay on any profits made. These levies are then paid to the government and contribute to the functioning of the country. The onus lies on the individual to establish what these laws are and adhere to them.

What Are The Difference Between Crypto vs Stocks

Below we flesh out the differences between these two financial products to build a better understanding of the two. We'll be looking at:

Ownership 

Arguably the biggest difference between crypto and stocks is the ownership rights. Stock provides the holder with ownership rights vehicle cryptocurrency typically doesn't (in the traditional financial ownership sense at least). 

Cryptocurrencies are designed in such a way that their decentralized nature ensures that no one owns the network. Some cryptocurrencies provide governance rights that allow the holders to vote on network changes and have a say in the development of the project. 

Risk vs reward 

The cryptocurrency market is renowned for being more volatile providing considerably higher risks and rewards when compared to the stock markets. 

In a 5 year comparison, at the time of writing, NASDAQ has seen 167% growth while Bitcoin has seen 3,574% growth. 

Liquidity

Stock markets typically hold more liquidity as most stocks can be traded across exchanges and quickly converted to cash. Cryptocurrencies, particularly the smaller capped coins, hold less liquidity, although the bigger ones like Bitcoin and Ethereum can easily be traded on most exchanges. Bigger crypto exchanges have more liquidity due to the higher trade volumes on the platform. 

Regulation

Another big difference between crypto and stocks is the regulation aspect. While all stock exchanges have at least one government entity regulating all activity on the platforms, cryptocurrency is largely unregulated around the world.

Regulation in the crypto space is a developing topic as many countries are working to legally define the asset and implement it into their financial system. Having said that, most centralized exchanges are regulated, complying with laws in the countries in which they operate. For safe crypto trading ensure the platform you're using is regulated.

Investment Reasons

While both stocks and cryptocurrencies are largely invested in for profit-seeking reasons, the alternative motivators vary substantially. Some investors also invest in stocks due to the initiatives that the company supports. 

Cryptocurrencies on the other hand offer several more alternative investment motivators, including:

• Getting involved in the blockchain and dapp space
• Making use of its decentralized nature and lack of centralized authority
• Exploring a more discreet means of transacting and storing value
• Supporting an innovative product that offers a high-impact solution

In Conclusion

Stocks are a more popular and regulated investment vehicle while cryptocurrencies offer a higher risk vs reward opportunity. While stocks are considered securities are largely regulated, cryptocurrencies offer higher use case potential and have proven to have higher ROIs.

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Since Bitcoin entered the financial landscape in 2009 it has made immense leaps and bounds in becoming the internationally recognised digital currency it is today. Despite the giant progress, crypto still has the potential to further infiltrate many aspects of society, particularly how we travel. 

This unprecedented technology can ultimately revolutionise the way we live our lives. Let’s take a look at how crypto is easing international travel, and how you can use it to your advantage.

Blockchain in travel

Many are familiar with cryptocurrencies, but few are aware that blockchain is the technology behind them. Blockchain technology, in simple terms, is a giant public ledger that stores data in a chronological, immutable manner. Particularly flourishing in supply chain management and the broader tech space, blockchain is also proving to be a useful asset to companies operating in the travel sector. 

With a wide range of options within the sector, from flights to car rental to hotels, blockchain is slowly starting to prove to be a powerful force in each case. Already several companies have adopted the technology and used it to add more streamlined and efficient services to the travel industry. 

For example, a French company, Sandblock is harnessing the technology and allowing travel companies to create their own loyalty tokens to attract and retain customers. These tokens can then be traded for a variety of services (beyond the company that issued them) or exchanged for alternative coins or fiat currencies. 

Another example is a Swiss-based, blockchain based company called Winding Tree which was designed to minimize fees for travelers while reducing costs for service providers. The non-profit company aims to cut out the middleman adding high fees to travelers' bookings and connect travelers directly to the service providers using smart contracts. 

These are just two in a wide range of companies already implementing blockchain technology into their businesses, illustrating the unlimited potential the nascent technology holds. 

Crypto bridges the gap

Like blockchain, cryptocurrencies are too playing an impressive role in easing cross-border travel, with plenty more room for development and better adoption. 

Cryptocurrencies facilitate seamless transactions without having to exchange one currency for another when going abroad. Say you lived in America and were visiting Australia, you wouldn’t need to exchange your US dollars for Australian dollars incurring high exchange fees and company-chosen exchange rates if you could just scan a QR code that automatically accesses funds in your universal crypto wallet.

Top tourist destinations around the world have started embracing cryptocurrencies, with a large amount likely to follow. For example, several destinations in Queensland, Australia, that provide access to the Great Barrier Reef have started implementing crypto payments into their tourist-focused businesses, and the reception has been impressive (see more below). 

El Salvador on the other hand approved Bitcoin as a legal tender in 2021, effectively making it very simple for any crypto-savvy tourist to travel around. One doesn’t even need to take a fiat card with them as all transactions can be completed using their mobile device. If that’s not the future of travel, what is?

Advantages of using crypto to travel

For the sceptics out there we’ve outlined several advantages of using cryptocurrencies when traveling, below. 

• It reduces the chance of theft or money loss
• It eases the booking process
• It allows users to avoid excessive exchange rates and ATM fees
• It minimizes the risk of credit card fraud
• Your smartphone functions as a wallet
• No left-over currency when you leave the country
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Globalisation meets blockchain

With increased awareness around countries and societies around the world, thanks to both mainstream and social media, companies expanding on a global level are becoming more and more common. 

However, this level of globalisation is often plagued with inconsistent means of distributing funds, causing delays, disruptions and unnecessary expenses. Cryptocurrencies and blockchain technology provide the infrastructure to change these difficulties, stablecoins even more so. 

The mobile revolution

According to a recent study, there are 6.37 billion smartphone users around the world, with 80% of the population in possession of one device. This is a significant rise from 2016’s statistics where only 49% of the world owned a smartphone.

Ownership levels are unsurprisingly highest in developed countries like the United States, Germany and the United Kingdom, where on average 80% of the population own a smartphone. Bangladesh, Pakistan and India are among the lowest percentages, with an average of 27% of the country owning one. 

Despite this, 80% of the developing world are still crypto-capable. All that is required is a smartphone and an internet connection. In the future, more local businesses, hotels, and shops in these countries will set up crypto wallets, enabling them to accept global payments in a matter of seconds (depending on the coin of choice).

This is likely to happen faster in the developing world than elsewhere, as demand for convenient and reliable payment solutions is on the rise. Less developed countries like the Bahamas are already catching on. 

An industry on the up

Crypto is easing international travel and contributing to a growing industry. Since the pandemic emerged, travel was put on a back foot but has since experienced a surge as people seek an alternative change of scenery. Now, cryptocurrency is making travel to remote areas, a growing demand, all the more possible.

Of course, government collaboration is paramount. Brisbane Airport in Australia is the first in the world to accept cryptocurrency at 30 merchants. As mentioned above, Queensland itself is a trailblazer in the crypto world. Agnes Water, a town located at the south of the Great Barrier Reef, has more than 40 businesses that accept Bitcoin. This kind of initiative is precisely what is required from governments and businesses for crypto to help grow the travel industry.

Ironing out foreign currency wrinkles

It is clear that crypto has the potential to revolutionise the way we operate around the world. Cryptocurrencies can make travelling easier and more accessible, and bolster tourism industries in developing countries. Solutions offered by several payment-focused cryptocurrencies could very well take over, as more and more tourists demand easier payment options.

Tap a streamlined cryptocurrency platform, is also contributing to the movement by providing a mobile app that facilitates rapid purchasing, trading, and secure storage of cryptocurrencies. For travellers faced with less tech-savvy merchants, Tap provides a Mastercard enabling users to spend supported fiat and cryptocurrencies at 40+  million merchants around the world. 

The age old question, when will all the Bitcoins be mined, has been on everyone's mind at least once and today we are going to go over exactly how long it will take to mine all Bitcoins.

There are a few chapters we need to cover first. For one we need to look at Bitcoin’s total supply, followed by the halving mechanism that Satoshi Nakamoto himself implemented, and then we can set about working out when the last Bitcoin will be mined. Sound good? Dive in and join us for the ride.

Bitcoin’s total supply

When Bitcoin was first announced to the world in a whitepaper in 2008, the public was introduced to a new kind of monetary system. Unlike the fiat system that all countries operate off, these cryptocurrencies presented a digital answer that could navigate value around the world in seconds and didn’t rely on any banks, financial institutions or governments to operate them. 

Created as a response to the 2007 - 2009 global financial crisis, the mysterious entity known as Satoshi Nakamoto chose to also make the currency deflationary. Unlike its fiat counterpart, Bitcoin was created to increase in value over time, proving to be a viable store of value. Written into its code was the fact that only 21 million Bitcoin will ever exist, ensuring that the new age currency would have a deflationary nature to it. 

Of the 21 million BTC that will ever enter circulation, as of May 2021 a total of 18.7 million have entered the market. This accounts for roughly 89% of the total supply of Bitcoin, which might lead one to believe that the end is nearer than we think. However, think again.

The halving mechanism

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Another ingenious idea that the great Satoshi Nakamoto incorporated into the nuance payment system is the halving mechanism. Through the use of blockchain technology, every 210,000 blocks, or roughly four years, a halving mechanism is automatically implemented into the system which reduces the mining rewards (also known as block rewards). This part gets a little technical, so let’s recap. 

All transactions on the blockchain are stored in blocks which are chronologically linked to one another through the process of mining. Miners on the network verify and execute all Bitcoin transactions, and in doing so receive a fee, known as the miners reward. When Bitcoin was launched in January 2009 the miners reward was 50 BTC, however through the halving mechanism, every 210,000 blocks this reward halves. Twelve years later the miners rewards for verifying the transactions and adding a new block to the blockchain is 6.25 BTC. 

This thereby controls the amount of new Bitcoin entering circulation. As fiat currencies are printed and minted, cryptocurrencies are mined. The Covid-19 pandemic saw many countries print more money to distribute to its people and in turn boost the economy, however the long term effects of this can be devastating due to rising inflation and the decrease in value on a global scale. Bitcoin, however, due to the controlled nature of the deflationary currency is set to increase in value. 

How long will it take to mine all the Bitcoins?

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Now that we’ve covered the basics of Bitcoin’s total supply and the halving mechanism controlling the influx of coins entering into circulation, it’s time to establish how long it will take to mine all Bitcoins. 

Based on the table below, we can see exactly when the next halving is due to take place (in 2024), when the miners reward will halve again to 3.125 BTC. While the amount of BTC received for mining a block decreases, bare in mind that the value undergoes significant increases. After that the next halving mechanism is due to go into effect in 2028, followed by another in 2032.

As you’ll notice, the halving in 2032 will be responsible for mining the last chunk of the 99.21872% of the total BTC ever to exist. This leaves 0.78128% remaining. Due to the nature of the halving mechanism, it is believed that the very last Bitcoin will only be mined in 2140. 

In answering the question on how long it will take to mine the last Bitcoin, the answer is an estimated 119 years. Which, facing the cold hard truth, we are unlikely to witness in our lifetime.

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Time to buy Bitcoin?

Considering that the cryptocurrency has witnessed gains taking it from $0.003 to roughly $55,000 in just over a decade, consider what the Bitcoin price might be in the next ten years, or twenty, or 100? Whether you’re buying to invest or buying to trade, Bitcoin has proved time and time again to be a worthy investment. Consider bagging yourself some BTC with the convenience of the Tap app. The app allows you to not only buy the original cryptocurrency, but to sell, store and spend it as you please too. If you’re wondering when the last Bitcoin will be mined, it’s probably time to tap into the future. 

Download on Android.
Download on iOS.

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Used across both the crypto market and traditional stock markets, return on investment (ROI) is a financial measure used to calculate an asset's growth and efficiency over a period of time. This useful measure has been used for decades to determine the success of one's investment.

In this article, we'll help you learn how to calculate the ROI on your investment so that you can implement it across your portfolio to determine your successes. Understanding your assets' ROI might lead to improved sales and revenue and solve a problem that many traders face time and time again.

Many businesses offering trading services might include a project ROI in their monthly or annual report to a customer, illustrating the successes of the site in black and white figures. However, be cautious when a company uses a set amount of return on investment statistics in their advertising, not even the top trading experts are able to predict with exact certainty the events, analytics and metrics that will take place in the future.

How To Calculate ROI

Bear with us as this gets slightly technical, it will all make sense in no time. This formula essentially revolves around determining the overall profit or loss one has made from a particular investment. 

The formula used to determine ROI is ROI = (FVI - IVI) / IVI * 100%. In this formula, the FVI stands for the final value of an investment while IVI stands for the initial value of an investment.

Looking at a practical example, say you bought $1,000 worth of Bitcoin in January 2020 when it was trading for $8,807. Two years later you sell your Bitcoin in January 2022 when it was trading at $43,704 for $3,960.

In this scenario, the IVI is $1,000 while the FVI is $3,960. ROI = (FVI - IVI) / IVI * 100% translates to:

ROI = (3,960 - 1000) / 1000 * 100%

ROI = 296%

This equation is considered a base formula as it does not include additional factors like fees and expenses incurred when storing the asset. In order to establish the true ROI on your investment, you would need to determine what additional costs were incurred (transaction fees for example) and use the following formula:

ROI = (FVI - expenses - IVI) / IVI * 100% 

Additional Elements To Consider When Calculating ROI

One thing that ROI does not factor in is the risk associated with the asset. For example, higher ROIs typically come with higher risks while assets with lower ROIs typically hold a much lower risk in terms of gaining returns. 

This holds true in the crypto market where new coins can suddenly soar in price creating a strong ROI for those that invested early. However, this ROI data will not be the same for an investor that enters the market at a later stage, and the risk will be much greater. Be wary of analysts using ROI statistics in digital marketing to make far-fetched conclusions about an asset's future success. Always use Google as a tool to verify the information, particularly for smaller coins.

Another limitation of this approach is that time is not taken into consideration. For instance, if your investment appreciates from $100 to $150, the ROI will always be 50% whether this happened over one year or ten years. This issue can be solved by using another formula, known as the annualized ROI. 

What Is Annualized ROI?

This method illustrates the standardized annual rate of return on investment by considering the investment's tenure, providing insight into the money an investment product has yielded over a certain period of time. This formula will calculate the investment's average performance each year over the entire period. 

The formula for annualized ROI is Annualized ROI = ((1 ROI) 1/n - 1) * 100%. Here, n represents the number of years of the investment. 

Using the latter example above, your $100 growing to $150 will present an annualized ROI of 50% for one year while the ten year annualized ROI is 4.14%. A substantial difference, and one you wouldn't pick up on from using the standard ROI formula. 

What Is Bitcoin's ROI?

As the world's first cryptocurrency, Bitcoin has seen some incredible increases in price. Analysts often use the formulas outlined above for tracking the digital asset's short-term, medium-term, and longer-term ROI. 

As of January 2022, these ROIs are calculated using the trading price of $43,834.36 (at the time of writing). 

Short-term - 1 year (January 2021)

BTC Price: $33,922.96

ROI = (43,834.36 - 33,922.96) / 33,922.96 * 100%

ROI = 29.29%

Medium-term - 2 years (January 2020)

BTC Price: $8,807

ROI = (43,834.36 - 8,807) / 8,807 * 100%

ROI = 3,977.21%

Longer-term - 5 years (January 2017)

BTC Price: $818.41

ROI = (43,834.36 - 818.41) / 818.41 * 100%

ROI = 5,256.03%

These are wildly impressive results, particularly when compared to the traditional stock markets. Excuse us while we go question our personal ROIs for our crypto investments.

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Bitcoin, and many other cryptocurrency markets, have seen a phenomenal influx of funds recently, with the overall market cap reaching just shy of $3 trillion. This bullish market presents an advantageous set-up to make money. Trading, while profitable, introduces an array of issues that may be hard for newbies to overcome. 

If you are looking to make profits without the added risks then investing may be your best bet. But before you get into investing, there are some basic concepts you will need to grasp in order to make an informed decision. In this article, we're covering how to invest in Bitcoin and cryptocurrencies and what the difference is between investing and trading.  

Investing vs Trading 

To make a long story short, investing refers to long-term holdings while trading refers to short-term holdings, both are seeking profits within the market.

Generally speaking, investors are after greater returns over a longer period of time while traders seek to draw smaller, more frequent returns from rising and falling markets in a much shorter time frame. Trading thrives off of volatile markets, whereas investing seeks more stable options for longer-term rewards. Both provide the opportunity for profits, but each has benefits and flaws of its own. 

For newbies and those who have a more busy lifestyle, investing is the best option as it does not depend on your understanding and monitoring of market movements. Trading on the other hand is more of a career path, it requires considerably more time dedication, while also holding greater risk. As the saying goes, all traders should be investing but not all investors should be trading. 

It's important to note that both investing and trading have their own tax regulations and it is on the individual to find out and adhere to these laws. Bank on paying taxes on any returns made, as a general rule of thumb, but always research the guidance information relevant to your jurisdiction, i.e. tax paid on crypto returns will vary from the UK to Germany.

Bitcoin vs Altcoins 

Bitcoin, the first cryptocurrency to come into existence, boasts an impressive market cap and is the highest valued cryptocurrency to date. After it launched in 2009, many cryptocurrencies followed suit and were coined "alternative coins" which soon became shortened to altcoins. While these originally focused on payment-centred cryptocurrencies, today the term altcoin essentially refers to any cryptocurrency that isn't Bitcoin. 

When it comes to investing and Bitcoin vs altcoins, Bitcoin has proven to be the most valuable coin however there are plenty of small to medium cap markets that experience incredible growth. Consider Bitcoin's large price point to be a hindrance to short term investments, but more powerful in the long run. 

To put it into perspective, data shows that if you invested $50,000 into Bitcoin when it was trading around $60,000, you would have to wait for Bitcoin to hit $120,000 before you double your investment. However, if you invested that same $50,000 into an altcoin when it was worth $1, it would only have to reach $2 for you to double your money which is a lot more likely than Bitcoin doubling in the same period. However, this doesn't ring true to all altcoins and one must always do thorough research before investing. 

Altcoins come in all different shapes and sizes, some tackling industries from medical to real estate, all backed by the financial aspect of blockchain technology. Investing is about more than just profits, it is also about the project. Is it something you are interested in and could benefit from in the future? Is it something that could change the world for the better? Does it have real-world use cases? 

All of these are factors to consider when planning to invest. The potential behind the project is oftentimes what secures it as a viable investment option, promising great opportunity for adoption, stability, and growth. At the end of the day, investing in altcoins requires a considerable amount of research.

Where And How To Invest

The first thing you need to consider is which exchange and wallet you will be using. Long term investments mean you need to find a platform you can trust to store your funds in a longer-term time frame. This is the key to securing your investment, rather than coming back a year or two later to discover your funds are gone. 

Some people recommend companies offering hardware wallets to reinforce that investment "do not touch" mindset while others prefer web wallets that are more accessible. It's really up to you which platform you decide you go with, considering all the features and factors, your needs, and confirming your decision with your own research. Make sure to stay up to date on the platform you are storing your funds on to be alerted of any software upgrades, if any hacks occur or if a platform closure notice goes up. 

At Tap, we have integrated a hyper-secure wallet into our mobile app, allowing anyone, anywhere to securely store their funds. We are licensed and regulated by the Gibraltar Financial Services Commission and hold insurance of up to $100 million, ensuring the protection of your digital assets at all times. The mobile app also grants users access to a number of cryptocurrency markets, where you can freely buy, sell and manage your portfolio.

Final Thoughts 

Investment as a term isn't a difficult concept to catch onto, but finding the right investment is the important part. It is always recommended that you do your own research, and in-depth analysis at that, and don't be scared to diversify your assets. The investment world is yours for the taking, so get out there and start building a lucrative investment portfolio.

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FAQ

What is Bitcoin and how does it work?

Bitcoin is arguably this century's greatest innovation: a decentralised digital currency built on blockchain technology that allows for the transfer of value across the internet. This peer-to-peer digital cash system facilitates international payments at a fraction of the cost and time that fiat transactions of that nature take and are as simple as sending an email. Instead of being controlled and managed by banks or government entities, new coins are regularly entered into circulation through the process of mining. You can learn more about Bitcoin, blockchain transparency, and its lack of intermediaries from our guides.

Should I invest in Bitcoin?

As mentioned above, Bitcoin holds great market potential for both investors and traders. Since 2009, Bitcoin has performed well in terms of displaying strong ROIs, something most investors see as a benefit for future gains. However, investing in Bitcoin comes with its own risks that each individual should consider before entering the market. As a rule, never invest more than you are willing to lose.

Which are the three biggest cryptocurrencies?

Currently, based on market cap the three biggest cryptocurrencies are Bitcoin, Ethereum and Tether.

What are the alternatives to Bitcoin?

Alternatives to Bitcoin are referred to as altcoins. While there are thousands of cryptocurrencies on the market, not all are worth investing in. It's best to research each coin individually and weigh up the project before investing in it. Consider a cryptocurrency as a company, and purchasing coins as buying shares in the business.
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Disclaimer: This article is intended for communication purposes only, you should not consider any such information, opinions or other material as financial advice. The information herein does not constitute an offer to sell or the solicitation to purchase/invest in any crypto assets and is not to be taken as a recommendation that any particular investment or trading approach is appropriate for any specific person. There is a possibility of risk in investing in crypto assets and investors are exposed to fluctuations in the crypto asset market. This communication should be read in conjunction with Tap's Terms and Conditions.

When used to using the traditional banking system, learning how to pay and get paid in crypto might sound daunting. While there are a lot of factors to consider, it’s really a lot more simple than one might imagine.

Below we’re taking a look at the advantages of using digital currency to pay and get paid, and how to go about doing this safely and securely. 

The first proper use case of blockchain as we know it today was money. Bitcoin was designed as a decentralized digital means of transacting value at a faster and cheaper rate than traditional fiat currencies. Over a decade later and this still remains the case for digital assets. 

Cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin allow individuals to be paid quickly and simply regardless of where they are in the world. However, crypto operates in a very different way to traditional banking systems, which means you'll need to understand your way around it first. 

The Advantages of Using Crypto Payroll Services

The nature of cryptocurrencies allows crypto payroll services to offer several benefits for both employers and employees, particularly when the parties are located in different countries. The advantages are in part because there is no middleman concerned when using virtual currencies, which results in lower transaction fees, faster transaction speeds, and higher dependability. 

The Advantages of Digital Currencies for Businesses

Small enterprises face intense rivalry from bigger businesses in a global economy. Small companies, particularly in the tech space, may lack local expertise making foreign job markets more attractive. 

It’s often the case that those skills are available remotely, and often at a much better price, but accessing remote workers can be difficult, mostly due to the problems of sending money overseas. This can be a costly, time-consuming and unreliable process.

Some workers with the right skills simply won’t have access to the banking infrastructure or services that allow them to accept money from overseas employers.

This is where cryptocurrencies come in. You can use Bitcoin or other cryptocurrencies to access the international gig economy of digital nomads and highly-trained specialists.

Because cryptocurrency allows you to transfer funds at a significantly lower cost than traditional services, you won't have to worry about one person having to pay the costs of remittance, which can be costly when using conventional money transmission platforms. 

No matter how much money you’re sending, Bitcoin transaction fees are considerably lower than fiat currency, typically less than $1, allowing businesses to outsource small jobs or split a project into smaller parts. This can ensure that all parts of the project are given to a contractor who has the right skills and is a good fit for your firm. 

The Advantages of Digital Currency for Individuals

There are several benefits to accepting crypto payments, which might even outweigh the advantages for businesses (which, of course, makes implementing Bitcoin payroll procedures a lucrative option for organizations that need to hire remotely).

• First and foremost, getting paid in crypto is faster and more efficient than international fiat payments. Cutting out days, foreign exchange charges and hefty fees, crypto transactions are settled in a matter of minutes for a fraction of the cost. 
• Accepting crypto allows the individual to accept remote work, allowing for a greater scope of projects and companies. Working with companies with no geographical borders can present some incredible opportunities, more of which revolve around better income and more exciting projects.
• Working with cryptocurrency transactions allows for small amounts of money, whereas previously with fiat currency the charges would be too high to do so. This allows the individual to take on many small jobs across a range of businesses or interests.
• As some cryptocurrencies, like Bitcoin, provide a strong store of value, this allows users the chance to be more flexible with their funds, perhaps storing crypto assets away as savings (cryptocurrency holdings) which in time will ideally grow. Some crypto platforms, like Tap, even allow users to pay bills using their crypto balances.

The Legal Status Of Crypto Payments (and capital gains tax)

While Bitcoin transactions are completely secure, fast, and inexpensive, there is one element one will need to consider, and that is the legal status of cryptocurrencies in one’s jurisdiction.

Most nations have favorable regulations in place when it comes to receiving, sending and storing cryptocurrencies, however, it differs from country to country so it is important to check this prior to diving right in. 

On top of that, one must check the tax obligations relevant to your jurisdiction. Some countries treat crypto salaries as taxable income, while other countries treat it as capital gains tax. Check with a professional in your area should you need to.

How To Pay With Bitcoin

If you’re looking to pay employees in Bitcoin you will first need to get Bitcoin. You can acquire the cryptocurrency in one of three ways: mining, buying or receiving it as part of your business’ income. Depending on the services your company provides, it is most likely that you will need to buy Bitcoin before paying workers, which you can do conveniently and securely through Tap.

When you pay your workers with cryptocurrency payments, you will send them a dollar-equivalent amount of Bitcoin, relevant to the price of Bitcoin at the time of transfer. For example, if the price of Bitcoin is $50,000 and you owe them $2,500, you will need to send them 0.05 BTC.

Most exchanges will calculate this for you, showing the current dollar/crypto exchange rates. Tap also ensures that users receive the best price on the market at any given time through smart trade technology.

How To Get Paid In Cryptocurrency

For contractors who want to get paid in Bitcoin or other digital currencies, the approach is much the same only in reverse. However, you’ll need to consider what you want to do with the cryptocurrency you receive, and how you will store it.

Tap provides the perfect solution to both options as you can securely store your Bitcoin and other cryptocurrencies in the wallet provided, while also being able to use your crypto or fiat balance to pay fiat bank accounts and municipal bills and make other payments. 

Receiving and sending crypto is simple. All you need to do is open your Tap app, select the cryptocurrency you would like to receive and locate the relevant wallet address. Share this with your employer and the funds will be deposited directly into your account. Yes, it's really this easy.

In Conclusion

There are several advantages for businesses that pay their employees or freelancers in Bitcoin, as well as contractors who want to get paid in Bitcoin. These include fast, low-cost, and secure transactions regardless of where the parties are located, as well as access to a global market of employment and labor.

It's the perfect way to optimize operations, lower expenses, and find the best man for the job. 

As the Internet of Things becomes an increasingly popular topic of conversation, we are here to lay the foundations of what the concept of IoT really is. As people become familiar with blockchain and cryptocurrencies, it is only a matter of time before the IoT becomes deeply ingrained in our day to day living.  

What is the internet of things?

The Internet of Things refers to millions of physical devices that connect to the internet and collect and share data. These systems of interrelated computing devices can be as small as a pill or as large as an aeroplane and are able to communicate real-time data. This marks a prominent milestone in the evolution of the Computer Age.

This shift is possible due to a number of factors that have come into play in the last few decades, such as the decreased cost of connecting to the internet and broadband internet becoming more accessible. There is also the added advantage of more devices being built with sensors and WiFi capabilities and how these devices have reduced in cost becoming more accessible to everybody. These factors contributed to making the perfect storm for IoT to ignite. 

While the term was coined in 1999 by Kevin Ashton, the IoT era is believed to have only truly begun in 2008 when the world officially had more devices connected to the internet than people. 

An example of IoT devices

An IoT device is any natural or man-made object that can be assigned an Internet Protocol (IP) address and transfer data over a network. It can range from smart speakers like Amazon's Alexa and Google Next to a lightbulb, security camera or thermostat that are controlled by apps, from heart rate monitors to sprinklers, and everything in between. 

How does IoT work?

IoT technology is made up of physical devices that consist of networks of sensors, processors and communication hardware. These internetworking components are able to collect, send and act on the data they receive. 

The data is then analysed in the cloud through an IoT gateway or other edge device, or communicated to other related devices from where action can be executed. These processes are all automated, however, human invention can occur when setting them up, accessing data or giving the devices instructions. This technology essentially enables the remote monitoring, programming and control of specific data with minimal human intervention. 

Artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning can also be implemented to assist in making data collecting processes easier and more dynamic.

In a practical example, an IoT device such as a thermometer will collect the data (temperature), this will then be collated and transferred through an IoT gateway or IoT hub from where the back-end system or user interface (e.g. app on a smartphone) will analyse the data and take action. 

IoT in domestic settings

Already seeing a huge advancement in home and office devices, the IoT movement on a domestic level is big and getting bigger. Home automation is fast becoming a very lucrative endeavour, with the market valued at $44.68 billion in 2020 alone. This ranges from lights to air conditioners to security systems, anything in the home that can be controlled by an app, including smart hubs connecting these devices, like TVs and refrigerators. 

IoT devices have also proven their worth among elders and people with disabilities, as they are able to provide assistive technology for sight, hearing or mobility limitations. 

IoT in industrial settings

While the smart home industry is booming, the industrial use cases are not far behind. IoT in business allows companies to automate processes and can help to monitor the performance of systems and machines in real-time, from supply chain management to logistic operations.

The market has already seen devices used to track environmental conditions (humidity, air pressure, temperature), prevalent in the designs of smart cities. They also prove their worth in the agricultural sector where farmers can use these devices to monitor the water levels of livestock or automatically order new products when the supply is about to run out. 

The future of IoT

Already over a decade into the movement, IoT is only going to get bigger. With a range of use cases that span almost every sector, it's no surprise that the projected value for the industry in 2028 is over $97 billion. Forecasts also predict that industrial and automotive equipment will present the largest opportunity for growth in the future, while smart home and wearable devices will dominate in the coming years. 

However, if the implementation of these devices is not done well this could present a new challenge to the industry. For example, if you have several smart home devices running in your home and need to log into several different apps to use them, this will hinder the growth of that sector. 

In conclusion: The IoT is the future of things

Any device falls into the category of IoT as long as it collects and shares data enabling smarter working with more control. If implemented correctly, IoT devices may well be a permanent fixture in our lives in the next decade, with analysts predicting that adoption and spending will grow exponentially in the next few years. 

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Level up your crypto trading with the right tools. Whether you’re brand new to the industry or a seasoned trader, you can never know enough about the industry, the crypto market or what to expect. Crypto trading is a unique and exciting endeavour, and we’re here to make sure you always have your best foot forward. 

It’s not always easy to know where to start

Being a beginner at anything in life is hard, and the crypto industry is no exception. It’s common for newbies to be inundated with content and it’s not easy to know what’s worth your attention and time and what isn’t. On top of that, there is also a lot of misinformation out there, with publications or platforms selling services through content directed to that purpose.

Through our Crypto Basics platform, you can learn the fundamentals of the crypto industry. We’ve curated the topics to ensure that you get a broad understanding while still covering topics that are relevant to your learning curve. Entering the crypto market should be fun and stimulating, so we’ve geared our Crypto Basics platform as well as all our content toward that.

Start Learning Right From Our Crypto Basics Learning Portal

Learn Now

Tap crypto basics 101

In our online learning portal, you will have access to plenty of blogs to assist you in gathering all the knowledge you need to know. We’ll start you off with an introduction to the three top cryptocurrencies, explaining what they are, how they came about, and what functions they offer. After the crash course on Bitcoin, Ethereum and Litecoin you’ll have a good idea of what cryptocurrencies are and how they differentiate themselves. You’ll then be introduced to altcoins, a common term used to refer to any cryptocurrency that isn’t Bitcoin.

What is Bitcoin?

What is Ethereum?

What is Litecoin?

What Are Altcoins?

From there you can gain an understanding of how cryptocurrency transactions work and what goes on behind the scenes to facilitate these digital transactions. We’ll also give you an introduction to how mining works, a term used to describe the process of new coins entering the system (also used to verify and process transactions). 

How Do Bitcoin And Altcoin Transactions Work?

What is Bitcoin Mining and How Does it Work?

How Long Will It Take To Mine All The Bitcoins?

In the explanation on Ethereum or across the industry in general, you will likely come across terms like “smart contracts”, “dapps” and “DeFi”. We’ve got you covered with simple explanations on each of these, delivering a comprehensive overview to help you navigate news pieces or forum discussions with confidence. 

What Are Smart Contracts?

What Are Dapps?

What is DeFi?

From there you can explore industry terms like “what is KYC?” as well as take a look at things like market caps and bull versus bear markets. These terms you will hear a lot of in the industry, and these blogs provide you with the terminology to breeze through. 

What is KYC?

What is Market Cap?

What is A Bull Or Bear Market?

Tap into your own potential

This is a good introduction to our Learning Portal, however, there is so much more on offer. As we constantly update the portal be sure to check in when you’re ready for your next dose of crypto knowledge, or better yet bookmark the link so that you constantly are in the know. We regularly update the section with new and insightful material, so be sure to check-in. You’re never too experienced to upgrade your crypto knowledge, so use Tap as your tool kit to further expand your crypto knowledge and navigate the markets with ease. 

Cryptocurrencies derive their value from supply and demand, with the buyers and sellers playing an enormous role in the market's liquidity, and ultimately, success. This rings true for stocks, commodities and forex markets too, essentially any asset markets with trading volumes.

Anyone participating in these markets will have been a maker or a taker at some stage, most likely, both. In this article, we're breaking down the concept of makers vs takers, exploring their vital role in the market and large quantities of these result in stronger exchanges. 

Liquidity Explained

Before we dive in, let's first cover an important concept: liquidity. Assets can sometimes be described as liquid or illiquid, this simply refers to how easily the asset can sell. Gold is a prime example of a liquid asset as anyone could easily trade it for cash without any hassle, while a glass statue of your neighbour's cat would be an illiquid asset as the chances of anyone wanting to own it are slim (except for the neighbour, maybe). 

Building on this, market liquidity indicates how liquid a market is. A liquid market means that the asset is in high demand, traders are actively looking to acquire the asset, while also having a high supply, meaning that traders are actively looking to offload the asset. An illiquid market then means that there is low supply and demand, making it difficult to buy or sell the asset for a fair price.

In a liquid market where there are many traders looking to buy and sell an asset, the sell order (ask price) tends to be in the same region as the buy order (buy price). Typically, the lowest sell order will be the same as the highest buy order, creating a tight buy-ask spread. 

Now that we've covered liquidity, it's time for makers vs takers. 

What Is The Difference Between Market Makers And Market Takers?

As mentioned above, any successful exchange requires a fair amount of makers and takers. Let's explore the difference between the two below. 

Market Makers

Exchanges typically use an order book to conduct trades. The order book will store offers to buy and sell as they come in, and execute the trades when the criteria are met, i.e. someone could create an offer that says when Bitcoin reaches $40,000, buy 4. When the BTC price reaches $40,000, the order book with automatically execute this trade. 

In this case, the person creating this buy order is known as a maker. They are essentially "making" the market by announcing their intentions ahead of time via the order book. While many retail investors are makers, the field is typically made up of big traders and high-frequency trading institutions. 

A market maker is a liquidity provider. ‍

Market Takers

Market takers are then liquidity "takers", removing liquidity from the market. Takers create market orders that indicate to the exchange that the trader wants to buy or sell at the current market price. The exchange will then automatically execute the trade using a maker's offer.

A taker is a trader filling someone else's order. Market makers create offers for the order book, making it easier for users to buy and sell, while market takers exercise this liquidity by buying the asset. 

What Are Maker-Taker Fees?

You might have heard of maker-taker fees before, this makes up a considerable amount of how exchanges generate an income (after all, exchanges are businesses that need to make money). When an exchange matches a maker and a taker, they will take a small fee for the efforts on their part. This fee will differ from exchange to exchange, and will also be dependent on how big of a trade it is. 

As makers are providing liquidity to the exchange (an enticing attribute for any trading platform) they will pay lower fees compared to a trader taking away from the platform's liquidity. Always be sure to check the fee structure and pricing on a platform before engaging in any trading activity, these will be outlined in the platform's trading policy.

How Do Trading Companies Make Money?

Cryptocurrency and blockchain technology was designed to provide a decentralized financial system that bypasses government control. However, to alleviate regulatory concerns, exchanges were established to provide a reliable and convenient means of operating within the crypto markets. These exchanges provide a secure way in which users can buy, sell and trade cryptocurrencies, and in return make money through the activities of its customers as it is a business after all.

While maker and taker fees make up a large portion of how a platform generates an income, the business also generates income through deposit and withdrawal fees, commissions made on trades and listing fees. These typically make up the cost of production and running the business.

In Conclusion

Market makers contribute to the market's liquidity by creating orders looking to be filled, while market takers fill these orders. Makers are typically rewarded for bringing liquidity to a platform with low maker fees, while takers pay higher fees when they make use of this liquidity, easily buying and selling the asset. 

For all those curious about the crypto industry ready to dip their toe in the water, this one is for you. Below we share a warm welcome to the industry with a range of helpful resources covering everything from what cryptocurrency actually is to how to buy and store it. For individuals and businesses alike, let's get into it. 

What Is Cryptocurrency?

A great place to start for any people who are crypto-curious, let's cover the basics. Cryptocurrency is essentially digital cash that can be transferred from one person to another without having to rely on an authoritative entity (like a bank or government or financial institution). 

This peer to peer cash system is supported by blockchain technology, a technology that facilitates the transactions and essentially acts as a giant public ledger where anyone can view any transactions that have been made on the network. 

Through the use of blockchain, a decentralised network (meaning that no one is in charge, rather everyone follows the same protocol) of computers is responsible for verifying and executing transactions. Depending on the network this can be done in a few seconds or up to a few minutes, causing big waves in the traditional financial sector.

If you take away just four points from the above, let it be 

• Digital cash
• Peer to peer
• Blockchain technology
• Decentralised

Cryptocurrency gets its name from cryptography currency, as it uses encrypted code (cryptography) to secure and maintain the network. 

Each cryptocurrency will have a value, based on what it was last traded for, a market capitalisation, a circulating supply and a ticker symbol. The ticker symbol would be BTC for Bitcoin and ETH for Ethereum. 

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Let's Take A Look At The Three Biggest Cryptocurrencies

You've definitely heard of Bitcoin, but what about the other top cryptocurrencies? Below we give a very quick breakdown of the other big projects on the scene based on the biggest market caps. When learning about new coins we strongly advise that you do your own research before making any purchases.

Bitcoin (BTC)

A digital cash system that facilitates the quick and cheap cross-border transfer of money. 

Ethereum (ETH)

A blockchain platform that allows developers to create their own decentralised applications on top of theirs. 

Tether (USDT)

A stablecoin, meaning that its value is pegged to a fiat currency, in this case, the US dollar. 1 USDT will always be worth $1. Stable coins are a great way to enter the market as they are less volatile than traditional cryptocurrencies. ‍

How To Store Cryptocurrency

Similar to fiat currencies, cryptocurrencies need to be stored in a wallet. As the currencies are entirely digital, so too must the wallet be. Each cryptocurrency operates off a different network, requiring one wallet for each network. 

For instance, you cannot store Bitcoin in an Ethereum wallet as Bitcoin runs off a separate blockchain. Different to fiat wallets, digital wallets are how transactions take place. From your wallet, you will enter the crypto wallet address of the recipient and execute the transaction from there. 

To purchase and accumulate cryptocurrency, you will first need a wallet. There are a few different types of wallets, but let's keep it simple for now. On Tap, a fully regulated crypto app, users are automatically given a range of wallets, one for each supported cryptocurrency on the network. This allows users to buy, sell, trade, store and manage many cryptocurrencies from one secure app. Simply head to the Tap website and conveniently download the relevant app from there.

How To Buy Cryptocurrency

Buying cryptocurrency used to be a complicated endeavor however with new products on the market it has become simpler and easier to do. Tap's mobile app is a classic example. Buying crypto Tap has never been so easy all you need to do is to create an account.

You will then be asked to confirm your identity through a process known as KYC (Know Your Customer). This is a common practice required by any entity facilitating the sale of cryptocurrencies. The process is entirely integrated and will require you to submit a picture of an identification document and a selfie of you, easy stuff.

Once your account is created, you can then deposit funds. This can be done through debit card or bank transfer. Simply load your fiat wallet with the currency of your choice for free, using a debit card or a bank transfer as a payment method of your choice. 

With a loaded fiat wallet, you are then able to go shopping! Under Assets on the home screen, select Crypto, then find the cryptocurrency you would like to purchase. Simply click Options, then Buy once you are on the cryptocurrency you would like to purchase. The process is as simple and easy as it sounds. 

After buying crypto, the funds will be deposited into your wallet in a fraction of a second once the transaction has been confirmed. Not too complicated, was it? Submerge yourself into the world of crypto today with the Tap app, head to your Google Play or Apple app stores to get started straight away. 

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If you're looking to earn extra money from anywhere online you've come to the right place. Making money online has certainly become more accessible and easier over the years, and in this blog, we're reviewing several ideas to do so without having to invest.

Whether you're looking to make some money on the side, or as a full-time pursuit, remember that as with most things in life: consistency is key. On this page, you'll find a number of beginner options requiring no particular skillset (only a bank account) for you to look into, relevant everywhere from the United Kingdom to the European Union to Australia. Each method varies in financial contribution, which we've highlighted at the end with a rating of the start-up costs.

Top 5 ways to make money online for beginners

1. Affiliate marketing

Affiliate marketing involves an individual earning money through promoting another business's product. This can be done through your own platform which might range from a blog to a website, social media, email campaigning or simply Google Ads. 

All you need is a working internet connection, a bank account and a reliable browser. Each time a friend or family clicks and signs up for the product, you bank a commission. 

Many companies these days offer this service, try to find one that you and your network might be interested in and see the opportunities that they present. 

Start-up Costs: $

2. Dropshipping

This will require a substantial amount of effort, however, the returns will be that much greater. Dropshipping involves selling a product online that you do not need to keep an inventory of, instead, the company that you are buying the goods from sends them directly to the customer. 

You act as the middleman between the manufacturer and the consumer and make money from the margin that you add. The start-up costs will be for your online website and marketing. 

Start-up Costs: $$

3. Freelance your skills

You can hire out your skills on sites like Upwork or Fiverr. Users create profiles expressing their skills, anything from writing to graphic design to music creation, and can apply to jobs requiring these skills. 

These sites will typically allow employers to connect with employees, and once the work is completed the funds are deposited directly into your account. This is also a great way to start a side hustle in your area of expertise without having to tuck into your savings.

Start-up Costs: zero

4. Explore the world of cryptocurrencies

Engaging with cryptocurrencies has gained significant attention in recent years. Before diving in, it’s important to educate yourself thoroughly to grasp the complexities involved. Our blog section on how to learn about crypto is a great place to begin. The cryptocurrency market is known for its high volatility, which presents both risks and opportunities. Whether you're active daily or only occasionally, understanding the landscape is key. To get started, consider signing up for a reputable and regulated platform like Tap, which can help you manage your funds securely.

Start-up Costs: $$

5. Participate in online surveys

Online surveys are a popular way for beginners to make money online. Companies are always looking for feedback on their products and services, and they are willing to pay for it. There are several websites that offer paid online surveys, such as Swagbucks, Survey Junkie, and Toluna.

To get started, simply sign up for an account, complete your profile, and start taking surveys. You'll earn points or cash for each survey you complete, which can be redeemed for gift cards or PayPal payments. Keep in mind that surveys may have specific demographics, so you may not qualify for every survey. However, with some patience and consistency, you can earn a decent amount of extra income in your spare time.

Start-up Costs: zero
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Earn money online from anywhere in the world

Of course, this list is only a small portion of the ways you can make money online, simplified down to the top 5. If you have more time at your disposal you can engage in market surveys, beta testing, becoming a virtual assistant, or even coaching. 

The opportunities are endless, with a wide range of start-up costs, time management, returns and the amount of effort required are to be considered. Ensure you do adequate research in order to learn about your next venture before diving in. At the end of the day, anyone can earn money online, the first step is just to get started. Good luck, may you have only lucrative experiences.

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5 tips on how to manage your money 

Now that you’ve established your income stream/s, here are 5 tips on how to manage the money you’re making. Whether you’re doing this as a side hustle or a full time job, consider implementing the following 5 steps in order to build your finances. . 

1. Build an Emergency Fund

Just like in personal finance, building an emergency fund is crucial for making money online. This fund will act as a safety net in case you hit a rough patch, and it will allow you to continue your online work without financial stress.

2. Create a Budget

Budgeting is another essential aspect of making money online. Creating a budget will help you keep track of your income and expenses, and it will allow you to make informed decisions about where to allocate your resources.

3. Focus on Your Niche

To make the process of making money online more enjoyable consider focusing on a specific niche that you are passionate about. Whether it's writing, graphic design, or web development, become an expert in your field and provide value to your clients.

4. Network and Build Relationships

Building relationships with other professionals in your industry is a valuable step when making money online. Networking can help you find new clients, build your reputation, and even lead to new business opportunities.

5. Stay Consistent and Persistent

Making money online takes time and effort, and it's important to stay consistent and persistent. Set realistic goals for yourself, create a schedule, and stick to it. Remember that success doesn't happen overnight, so don't get discouraged if you don't see results right away.

So what are you waiting for? 

Bitcoin and other cryptocurrencies are all about decentralised, worldwide, financial independence and liberty. Cryptocurrencies are borderless, censorship-resistant digital currencies that can be used by anybody with internet access. 

As a result, crypto, at least in principle, appears to be the perfect solution for international travellers or "digital nomads." With the added advantage of having the Tap app, users can instantly and seamlessly use their cryptocurrencies as they would regular fiat currencies when travelling around.

With the growth rate of blockchain technology and crypto adoption increasing, it's only natural that we're seeing more options to spend and travel the world using cryptocurrency.

In this article, we'll look at a variety of different ways to spend your crypto while travelling with Tap and how to spend seamlessly with your Tap card. We will explore why people choose to use their crypto to travel and how the exploding $1 trillion travel market is important for the cryptocurrency industry. 
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Entirely Cashless

‍The beauty of travelling with crypto is that it is entirely cashless. You won't have to worry about dealing with foreign currency exchanges when entering or leaving a different country as all of your money is kept digitally online in your app. 

With the Tap card, users can use their crypto balances to load their card and freely swipe away worldwide. The card allows for seamless payments at millions of merchants around the world, with the merchant none the wiser. 

The option to upgrade to more premium accounts allows you to reduce or completely eliminate any FX fees. Get empowered and enjoy the best out of your money wherever you go.

Reduces Risk

Instead of being a target for muggings looking to steal cash, being entirely digital bypasses this risk.

Accessible

Should something happen at home you can easily and quickly send funds back. Operating 24/7 and only requiring an internet connection, sending money back home can be completed at a moment's notice. Send funds to your friends and family via crypto or fiat for free on their Tap account. 

Discounts

Last but not least, many companies offer discounts to users paying with cryptocurrencies. From travel to retail, and everything in between, users can enjoy added discounts just by utilising crypto. 

Should an event arise that you do need cash, users can easily withdraw cash from a regular ATM using their Tap card. Paying significantly lower fees than you would with your standard bank card, the Tap card allows you to seamlessly integrate into the foreign country with peace of mind. 

How To Travel Abroad With Tap

This is the ultimate crypto vacation guide showing you how to buy everything that you might need through the Tap app for that epic crypto vacation abroad.
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Flights

CheapAir.com was the first US online travel agency to open its doors to crypto, getting into the game as early as 2013. The company currently allows holidaymakers to make payments using Bitcoin, Litecoin, Bitcoin Cash and Dash.

In 2020, Travala and Expedia merged to give users access to millions of hotels and villas worldwide payable in over 30 popular types of cryptocurrencies. There is also Destinia.com in Spain, airBaltic in Latvia, Surf Air in the US, and Peach Aviation in Japan.

Conveniently buy everything you need with your Tap app by scanning the company’s QR code and confirming the transaction. Alternatively, you can make online purchases using your Tap card. 
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Accommodation

Travala, CheapAir.com and Destinia all allow users to book flights and accommodation in one smooth transaction. On Destinia look out for the GoCoin merchant plugin.

Booking.com has partnered with flight planner, A Bit Sky, to provide a location with both flight and accommodation options.

Savvy accommodation-seekers can look to Airbnb-style crypto startups like 99Flats in India or CryptoCribs on Reddit, or head over to XcelTrip,a decentralized travel ecosystem, which provides access to 400 airlines and 1.5 million hotels.
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Food and Drink

CoinMap is an app for anyone and everyone wanting to find crypto-friendly companies. Felix Weis, as well as numerous other cryptocurrency influencers, has credited CoinMap with being the saviour for finding the closest cafe, bar, or restaurant that accepts Bitcoin, including international chains such as Subway and local providers who use crypto merchants. Say goodbye to walking around with boatloads of cash and just take your Tap app along instead. 

Holidaymakers can also look to using crypto to buy a gift card which can be purchased online through Gyft or eGifter, with eGifter offering a 5% discount for purchases made with Bitcoin. eGifter offers gift cards to restaurants like Papa John, Taco Bell, Dunkin’ Donuts, TGI Fridays, UberEats and more.
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Getting Around

Expedia, A Bit Sky, Destinia, and CheapAir all offer access to transfers or car rentals in their services, while Gyft and eGifter offer Uber vouchers. There is also SpendBitcoin.com, which locates different crypto-accepting services in an area, simply chose the car filter option.
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Things To Do

Again, Gyft and eGifter provide access to options like Groupon where you can find local activities on offer, or head to purse.io for any last-minute Amazon purchases (snorkel, anyone?).
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Travel The Tap Way‍

Both the Tap card and the Tap app can provide a seamless and cost-effective solution to using both fiat and cryptocurrencies when travelling. Simply load your wallet with crypto and fiat currencies, and pay directly from the app or use the card to pay at millions of merchants around the world. Say hello to easy travel and plenty of discounts. 

With a range of coins on offer and an integrated smart engine that ensures the best possible prices in real time, travelling with cryptocurrencies and Tap is as smooth a ride as it gets.

With a range of coins on offer and an integrated smart router, Tap lets you store and manage your digital assets wherever, whenever. There are no border delays or inconvenient payment processes to worry about while travelling with crypto only speed and convenience. Tap is as seamless a journey as it gets. 

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Understanding what crypto trading pairs are is important for all levels of trading, whether new to the market and looking to buy cryptocurrencies or wanting to engage in advanced arbitrage strategies. 

While the concept has been around in the stock markets for a while, it came about in the crypto industry due to a number of exchanges only allowing bigger cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin and Ethereum to be purchased with fiat currencies. While other cryptocurrencies were available on the platform, they could only be bought by trading BTC or ETH. Hence, it became necessary for a relationship to be established in terms of value between the cryptocurrencies being exchanged for one another.

When it comes to investing in cryptocurrencies there are plenty of options available, it only makes sense that markets open allowing one digital asset to be traded for another.

Crypto Trading Pairs Explained

Every cryptocurrency has an established value against a fiat currency, while this will continuously change depending on the market conditions affecting it, the use of the same fiat will remain. Most sites default to present a cryptocurrency's value in USD, however, they also allow for changes to be made (to GBP, EUR, etc). This is referred to as a base currency.

A trading pair is when two cryptocurrencies can be traded against each other, as opposed to a cryptocurrency and fiat. For example, BTC/LTC, or ETH/DOGE. In order to acquire the one, the other will need to be exchanged. In this case, the base currency is now a cryptocurrency. 

If you would like to buy DOGE with DOT but the exchange does not have this trading pair available, you would need to exchange DOGE for BTC, and then buy DOT with the BTC. Unfortunately, this will incur more fees, illustrating the convenience of trading pairs. 

How Do Trading Pairs Work?

Exchanges typically allow you to compare costs between cryptocurrencies, i.e. how much Bitcoin you will need to pay for Litecoin. If you are unable to load your account with fiat, you can still trade using cryptocurrencies, depositing one and trading it for another. 

Trading pairs allow you to establish a cryptocurrency's value in terms of another cryptocurrency. 

Say you buy ETH/LTC, this means that you are buying ETH in exchange for LTC. LTC is then the base currency. If you were selling ETH/LTC, you would be selling ETH and accumulating LTC. Ethereum and Bitcoin are the most common base currencies, however, the bigger the exchange the more trading pairs are on offer. 

Before engaging in any trading pairs take a look at the fees and taxes associated with the trade on the exchange's website, as sometimes some cryptocurrencies can incur higher fees. 

In Conclusion

Trading pairs are when a cryptocurrency is valued against another cryptocurrency and capable of being traded for one another. Trading pairs provide an essential role in the crypto economy. These days there are hundreds of trading pairs on offer, allowing traders to make informed decisions, find better prices, and perform a greater number of transactions. 

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When exploring the world of blockchain and its endless possibilities, it’s likely that you’ve come across the term dapps. But what are dapps? In this piece we explore the concept, decipher their place in the industry, and look at several networks that currently support them.

What are dapps?

Decentralized apps, or dapps as they’re more commonly known, are applications that are built on top of peer to peer decentralized networks. Instead of being built on one computer, with one single entity in control, dapps utilize a network of computers based anywhere around the world. With multiple computers operating and maintaining the network, dapps are able to incorporate many streams of content consumption, be it providing content, trading or consuming it. 

The advantages of dapps

Compared to standard web apps, like Twitter or Uber, these apps can handle multiple users but only one authority has control over the backend of the app. Dapps provide a more decentralized and secure approach. So while Uber connects passengers to drivers through the app for a portion of the payment, dapps essentially allow the drivers and riders to connect directly, taking no payment for the connection.

Another advantage to the world of dapps is that all transactions are transparent and stored on the blockchain of the network it is built on. Dapps also need a token to operate, which enhances the security of both the dapp and the transactions taking place. Typically dapps are also open source, allowing other developers to view the code and further drive development in the industry.

The disadvantages of dapps

As with anything in life, there are also disadvantages. As the world of dapps is still in its infancy stage, the user base is relatively low. When it comes to blockchain based projects, the more users a network has the higher functioning the network is. Unfortunately, many dapps still have a relatively low user base decreasing the functionality, however that doesn’t speak for all of them. As the blockchain and crypto worlds continue developing and reaching wider audiences, both the usability and users will increase. 

Another disadvantage is the potential vulnerability to hacking. As most dapps are created using open source smart contracts, this leaves them open to potential probing from hackers. This isn’t a given, however it has happened in the past that hackers found weaknesses in the network and were able to conduct illicit activities through them. 

How many dapps are there?

According to a dapp monitoring website, State Of The Dapps, there are currently roughly 3,500 dapps in the industry. These are spanned across a wide range of networks, including the likes of Ethereum, EOS, TRON, NEO, Steem and more. The website further reports that over $257 million has passed through the dapps industry in just twenty four hours (at the time of writing). Dapps also cover a broad range of subjects, with dapps catering to industries like energy, exchanges, finance, gambling, games, health, identity, insurance, marketplaces, media, property, security, social, storage and wallets. The most widely of which are finance, security and exchanges.

A look into Ethereum dapps

The most widely used network to create dapps on top of, Ethereum has over 2,700 dapps built on its network. Ethereum was the first network designed to provide a blockchain platform on which developers could build their own decentralized applications. Ethereum was also the first network that allowed developers to create and execute their own smart contracts, an essential ingredient to the making of dapps. 

According to DappRadar, the three biggest dapps currently on the Ethereum network are DeFi projects and an exchange. Coming in at first place based on its current market cap is Uniswap, a defi protocol (exchange) that facilitates the trading of cryptocurrencies. Uniswap has an estimated 48,950 active users. Also dabbling in the world of DeFi, the second largest dapp on the Ethereum network is compound, a protocol that allows users to lend and borrow crypto. The third largest is MakerDAO, a smart contract that facilitates user interaction with the Dai stablecoin system.

A look into EOS dapps

Similar to Ethereum but with fewer transaction fees, the Entrepreneurial Operating System was designed to provide developers with a platform on which to build their blockchain based endeavours. As the second largest platform on which dapps are currently created, let’s explore the three largest dapps currently operating on the network. Coming in first place is Joule, a dapp which promotes financial inclusion and social change through determining the Global Popularity Index in real time. The next two entries both fall into the DeFi category, being Defibox and VIGOR.

The power of dapps

While many dapps are still in the experimental phase, there is also a large amount of money circulating in the industry and millions of users indicating a promising market. Thanks to dapps’ wide use range and the amount of innovation in the industry at present, the dapp industry is likely to continue growing and become a permanent fixture in many peoples’ lives, whether crypto inclined or not.

Step into the realm of bear markets, a world where uncertainty reigns, prices take a plunge, and investor confidence and market sentiment tremble.

Whether you're a seasoned investor or just dipping your toes into the financial waters, understanding bear markets is crucial to safeguard your investments and making sound decisions during challenging times. Picture a bear market as a phase in the market cycle where prices stubbornly decline across different asset classes like stocks, bonds, or commodities. It's like sailing through stormy seas, with pessimism in the air and economic challenges ahead.

In this article, we're here to shed light on the defining characteristics of bear markets, unravel the factors that drive their descent, and equip you with practical strategies to weather the storm. We aim to empower you with the knowledge and tools needed to navigate bear markets successfully, whether you're trading the stock markets or cryptocurrencies.

What is a bear market?

A bear market refers to a phase in the market cycle characterized by prolonged price declines across various asset classes, such as stocks, bonds, cryptocurrencies, or commodities. It is the opposite of a bull market, where optimism prevails and prices soar.

During a bear market, investor sentiment is dominated by pessimism and uncertainty. Prices experience a prolonged downward trend, typically resulting in a decline of 20% or more from previous market highs. The average bear market lasts from a few months to several years.

A bear market occurs during times of a weak or slowing economy, with several factors contributing to its onset. Economic slowdowns, recessionary conditions, or negative events can trigger a shift in investor sentiment. Factors such as poor corporate earnings, geopolitical tensions, financial crises, or adverse macroeconomic indicators can erode confidence and spark a sustained period of downward spiral in prices.

Bear vs bull market

Unlike bull markets, where rising prices create opportunities for capital gains, a bear market poses significant challenges. Investors often face declining portfolio values and may experience financial losses. Investors tend to exhibit caution, with a focus on capital preservation and defensive strategies.

How to navigate bear market territory

Investing in a bear market requires a different approach than in a bull market. Defensive strategies, such as reducing exposure to high-risk assets, reallocating to safer investments like bonds or cash equivalents, and adopting hedging techniques, are commonly used. Investors may also use this time to seek out undervalued opportunities, look to selective stock picking, or explore assets that tend to perform well in downturns, such as defensive stocks or precious metals.

While bear markets can be challenging, they also present unique opportunities. Savvy investors with a long-term perspective may find attractive entry points to accumulate quality assets at discounted prices. It is important, however, to exercise caution, conduct thorough research, and maintain a disciplined approach to risk management.

What does the term “bear” refer to?

In the context of a bear market, the term "bear" is used to symbolize the behavior of a bear when attacking its prey. The word "bear" signifies downward movement, as a bear swipes its paws downward. It represents a market condition where prices are falling, investor sentiment is negative, and there is an overall sense of pessimism. The term "bear" serves as a metaphor for a market that is in decline, highlighting the aggressive downward movement of prices during this phase.

The characteristics of bear markets

Bear markets possess distinct traits that differentiate them from bull markets. Understanding these characteristics is crucial for investors to navigate market downturns safely. Let's explore the defining traits of a bear market:

Negative investor sentiment

Bear markets occur when fear and uncertainty dominate investor sentiment, leading to increased caution and risk aversion.

Prolonged price declines

A bear market is marked by sustained periods of price decline across different asset classes, reflecting the prevailing negative sentiment.

Volatility and increased selling pressure

Bear markets tend to exhibit heightened volatility, with larger sell-offs and increased trading volumes as selling pressure outweighs buying interest.

Economic challenges and recessionary conditions

Economic challenges such as slowdowns or recessions often accompany bear markets, further contributing to the negative sentiment.

Declining investor confidence and reduced market participation

Investor confidence erodes, leading to reduced market participation as investors prioritize capital preservation and minimize losses.

Defensive sector performance

Certain defensive sectors like utilities, consumer staples, healthcare, and precious metals tend to show resilience during bear markets.

Opportunities for value investing

Bear markets offer opportunities for investors to capitalize on undervalued assets and benefit from the eventual market recovery.

Recognizing these bear market characteristics and knowing when it shifts from a bull market empowers investors to adjust their strategies and protect their portfolios. Defensive positioning, risk management, and a long-term perspective are crucial during market downturns. By understanding these traits, investors can potentially capitalize on opportunities and navigate the challenges of a bear market effectively.

A simple but practical tool investors use to navigate the ups and downs of market cycles is implementing dollar cost averaging where traders buy the asset or stocks at regular intervals despite what the price might be. This tool has proven useful when trading on stock markets such as the Dow Jones Industrial Average (DJIA) or S&P 500.

The benefits of a bear market

While bear markets present unique challenges, they also offer valuable benefits for strategic investors. Here are the advantages of a bear market:

Buying opportunities at discounted prices

In the stock market, stock prices decline, providing attractive entry points for long-term investors to acquire undervalued assets. This remains true for most other markets, including cryptocurrencies and precious metals.

Dividend yields and income generation

Dividend yields increase as stock prices decline, offering income-focused investors regular cash flow from dividend-paying stocks.

Defensive sector performance

Defensive sectors like utilities, consumer staples, and healthcare demonstrate relative resilience during a bear market, providing stability in the stock market amidst economic volatility.

Long-term value investing

Value investors can identify undervalued assets and potentially achieve substantial returns over the long run by capitalizing on the market's pessimism.

Behavioral lessons and investor growth

Unlike a bull market, navigating a bear market fosters personal and emotional growth, allowing investors to refine their strategies and become more knowledgeable for future investments.

While a bear market requires a long-term perspective and prudent strategies, similar to a bull market they too provide opportunities to take advantage of. By embracing discounted prices in the stock market and other financial markets, focusing on defensive sectors, engaging in value investing, and growing both personally and professionally, investors can emerge stronger and more resilient on their financial journey.

The risks of a bear market

In light of the above, it is also important to acknowledge and navigate the risks associated with downturned market conditions. Below, we explore the potential risks associated with investing during a bear market.

Portfolio declines and losses

Decreasing stock prices can lead to losses, hindering long-term wealth accumulation. Maintaining a long-term perspective and focusing on quality investments is crucial.

Volatility and emotional stress

Increased market volatility creates emotional stress for investors. Staying disciplined and avoiding emotional decisions are important aspects to hold onto during both bear and bull markets.

Economic uncertainty and job insecurity

Economic challenges in bear market territory can result in job insecurity and reduced consumer spending. Reassessing personal finances and enhancing financial resilience is key.

Deteriorating corporate profits

Weakened economic conditions can lead to declining revenues, reduced dividends, and potential bankruptcies. Thorough research and the monitoring of a company's financial health are essential.

Psychological biases and herd mentality

Fear and herd mentality can impair decision-making, leading to irrational choices. Recognizing biases and making rational decisions based on long-term goals is vital.

Market timing challenges

Timing the market is difficult and can lead to missed opportunities or further losses. Focusing on long-term fundamentals and disciplined strategies is advisable.

Navigating the risks of a bear market requires discipline, risk management, and a long-term perspective. Maintaining a well-diversified portfolio and staying informed is crucial. Recognizing and planning for risks can help investors mitigate challenges and emerge stronger.

Previous bear runs

Previous bear runs in financial markets provide valuable lessons about the risks and challenges of market downturns. The global financial crisis of 2008 and the dot-com bubble crash of the early 2000s serve as reminders of the importance of managing risk and maintaining a diversified portfolio. These historical bear markets highlight the unpredictability of the market and the potential for widespread losses.

Lessons learned include the need to be prepared by diversifying investments, taking a long-term perspective, and staying informed. Studying the history of bear markets empowers investors to make informed decisions, adapt strategies, and navigate downturns with resilience and confidence.

In conclusion: what is a bear market?

A bear market is a time of market downturn with declining prices and investor sentiment. Understanding how a bear market works is crucial for investors. While they present opportunities like discounted prices and income generation, risks such as portfolio declines, volatility, and economic uncertainty must be navigated. Lessons from previous bear runs highlight the importance of risk management and diversification. 

By studying history, investors can make informed decisions and adapt strategies. With a long-term perspective and disciplined approach, they can harness the benefits and manage the risks of bear markets, emerging stronger and more resilient.

You may have heard of bear and bull markets; both referring to economic conditions within a market. Think about how a bull attacks, lifting you up with its horns. 

A bull  market or bullish market describes a condition within a financial market where the prices are rising or are expected to rise. The term "bull market" is most often used to refer to a financial market but refers as well to any asset that is tradable such as bonds, real estate, commodities, and currencies. Bull markets indicate investor confidence, optimism, and expectations that strong results will continue for an extended period of time.

There are two ways to What is a Bull Market?

A bull market refers to a financial market condition in which the prices of securities or assets are rising or expected to rise over an extended period. In a bull market, investors are optimistic about the future prospects of the market and are willing to buy securities, pushing prices higher.
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Bull markets are often associated with economic growth, strong corporate earnings, and low unemployment rates. In these conditions, investors are confident that businesses will continue to perform well and that the overall economy will continue to expand, leading to higher stock prices.
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Recognizing a Bull Market

To recognize a bull market, investors need to look for a sustained period of rising prices across the market or a specific asset class. This period can last anywhere from a few months to several years.
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Another way to recognize a bull market is through technical analysis. Technical analysts look at charts and other market indicators to identify patterns that signal a market trend. In a bull market, technical analysts may look for higher highs and higher lows in price movements over time.
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Impact of a Bull Market

A bull market can have a significant impact on the economy, businesses, and investors. When the stock market is performing well, businesses may have easier access to capital and credit, which can lead to increased investment and growth.
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A bull market can also lead to increased consumer confidence, as investors feel more optimistic about the economy and their financial futures. This can lead to higher consumer spending, which can, in turn, fuel economic growth.
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On the other hand, a prolonged bull market can lead to a market bubble, where prices become overinflated and unsustainable. This can lead to a market correction, where prices drop significantly, and investors may suffer losses.
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In conclusion

Bull markets can have a significant impact on the economy, businesses, and investors. Recognizing a bull market and understanding its impact can help investors make more informed investment decisions. However, it's essential to remain vigilant and avoid investing solely based on market trends, as market bubbles can lead to significant losses.

approach a bull market: selling stock for high profits or holding in hopes of rising prices in the future. Alternatively, you can also buy more assets, but most would not recommend buying on a high.

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Investing centers around making gains off of your initial capital. When determining the potential gains one could make there are a number of variables one needs to consider, such as how much capital one has put into the investment and what returns are associated with that asset class.

This led to the creation of ROI (return on investment), a measure that allows anyone to calculate the net profit or loss of an investment in percentage form. 

What is return on investment?

All investments, including stocks, bonds, real estate, and small businesses, come with the goal of making more money than you put in. The money you earn over and above your initial investment is called profit. When discussing investment profitability, people often use the term ROI, meaning return on investment. This metric expresses the amount of net profit one can earn/earned as a percentage of what the initial investment was.

ROI can help you assess if buying property or investing in a business is worth it. It's also helped companies determine the value of adding new products, building more facilities, acquiring other businesses, advertising campaigns, etc.

ROI (return on investment) is the percentage of gain or loss on an investment relative to the total cost of the investment.  In other terms, it's a way to compare different investments in order to figure out which ones are worth pursuing. For example, you could calculate ROI to decide whether selling one stock and buying another would be a good idea.

While there is no limit to a return on investment theoretically, in practice, no investment is guaranteed to have any return. If your ROI is negative, it means you not only failed to make a profit but also lost some of your original investment. The worst possible outcome would be -100% ROI, meaning you completely lost your initial investment. An ROI of 0% signifies that you at least recovered the money you put in, but gained nothing beyond that.

While ROI is often used as a marker of profitability, it isn't foolproof. There are several limitations to calculating ROI as your only measure which include the time frame in which you will earn back your investment, inflation rates, how risky a venture is, and additional maintenance costs that may be incurred.

Calculating ROI terminology

Before we dive in, let's first cover some basic terminology.

Net profit or net income

Net profit is the amount of money left over after all operating costs, such as the cost of transaction costs or maintenance costs, and other expenses have been accounted for and subtracted from the total revenue. It is used to measure profitability. Net profit can also be called net income, net earnings, or the bottom line.

Total cost of investment

This figure will look at the amount of money invested in a particular investment.

How to calculate ROI: the ROI formula

The ROI formula is a simple equation that looks at the price change of the asset and the net profits (the initial cost of the investment minus its value when you sell it). When calculating ROI you would use this formula:

ROI = (Net Profit / Total Cost of Investment) x 100

To factor trading costs into your ROI figure, you'll use: 

ROI = ((Value of Investment - Cost of Investment – Associated Costs) / Cost of Investment) x 100

As an example, let's say you buy 5 shares of $100 each in Twitter, equating to $500. You sell them a year later for $150 each, equating to $750. Let's say you paid $5 commission on each trade, costing you $25 in trading fees. 

ROI = (($750 - $500 - $25) / $500) x 100 = 45%

This means that you made a 45% return on investment on that particular investment.

How to determine a strong ROI

A "good" return on investment is any number above 0, as this means you made some profit. However, the ideal ROI should be higher than what you could've earned had you chosen another investment (the next best thing). 

To compare this, investors often compare their earnings to what they could've made on the broader stock market or in a high-yield savings account. Using the S&P 500 as a control, over the past four decades it has made gains of around 7% (after inflation). An ROI is generally considered to be a strong one if it beats the stock market in the long term. 

It's always important to note that past performance does not equate to future results. Another pearl of wisdom to remember is that high rewards generally come alongside high risks. If an investment promises very high ROIs, consider this also means that it comes with high risks. 

Therefore, a strong ROI will vary depending on the investment's level of risk, your goals, and how much risk you're willing to take.

Where the ROI formula falls short

The main limitation of using this return on investment ROI formula as a marker of success is that it doesn't show how long it took to earn the money back. When comparing various investments, the time it takes to mature will have a significant impact on the profits you could earn.

For instance, a year loan versus a bond held for five years versus a property held for 10 years will all have varying ROIs once you've established how long it will take to earn the specified ROIs. 

In this scenario, the ROI calculations mentioned above skimp on the full story. It also doesn't account for risk. For instance, the loan repayments could be delayed or the property market might be in a slump, all affecting the potential profits earnable.

With many variables, it becomes harder to predict what the exact ROI calculation on an investment will be, so be sure to factor this in when using the return on investment ROI formula to determine how attractive an investment opportunity or business venture is. 

ROI alternatives

Although the return on investment doesn't consider how long you keep an asset, it's essential to compare the ROI of investments held for comparable lengths of time as a more clear performance measure. If that's not possible, there are a few other options.

Average Annual Return

Also known as annualized return on investment, this adjusts the ROI formula to factor in the timing. Here you would divide the ROI by the number of years you hold the asset.

Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR)

This option is more complicated but yields more accurate results as it factors in compound interest generated over time. 

Internal Rate of Return (IRR)

This measure factors in the notion that profits earned earlier outway the same profits earned later, taking into account interest that could've been earned and factors like inflation. This equation is quite complicated but there are online calculators one can use. 

Conclusion

A return on investment (ROI) is a formula used to calculate the net profit or loss of an investment in percentage form. The ROI calculation can present valuable information when investing capital or determining profitability ratios. The ROI equation looks at the initial value of one investment and determines the financial return. A negative ROI indicates that the investment returns were lower than the investment cost.

It's never too late to learn about the new-age financial payment system. Bitcoin has become infinitely more popular with each passing year, and as adoption rates continue to rise, now is the perfect time to become familiar with the world's first and biggest cryptocurrency. 

What Is Bitcoin?

Bitcoin is a peer-to-peer payment system that uses the internet to operate and not a centralised authority like all other currencies. This digital currency cuts out the middleman and instead allows users to send money directly to one another, eradicating high fees, lengthy application processes and time spent waiting for money to clear.

Instead of being operated by a bank, government or financial institution, Bitcoin is run by a network of computers around the world that all follow the same protocol to ensure the network operates smoothly. Blockchain technology forms the backbone of Bitcoin and ensures that all transactions are facilitated in a timely, transparent and immutable manner. 

Bitcoin is a secure, decentralised, borderless payment system and form of digital currency that operates 24 hours a day, 7 days a week. 

Bitcoin is often compared to gold as both assets have proven to be successful investments over the years. While regulation regarding cryptocurrency is still being ironed out, it still remains a widely adopted and heavily used payment system.

What Are The Benefits Of Bitcoin?

Bitcoin brought about an entirely new way to manage one's funds. With the use of blockchain technology and the internet, Bitcoin has become a thriving financial ecosystem over the years. Below we outline several benefits of using Bitcoin.

• Decentralised. The network is entirely free from centralised control, including stopping transactions, freezing accounts and requiring complex paperwork.
• Accessible. Anyone anywhere can tap into the Bitcoin payment system as long as they have an internet connection. The platform is fully inclusive.
• Transparent. While the network is considered to be "pseudonymous", all transactions are still recorded on a public ledger in real time, providing an entirely transparent ecosystem.
• Liquidity. Bitcoin can be traded on hundreds of platforms around the world, ensuring that its liquidity is always in the green.

How Does Bitcoin Work?

Using blockchain technology, the network of computers is able to facilitate digital asset transactions from one peer to another bypassing any middleman. Let's break that down. 

Say Amal wants to send George 1 BTC. She will initiate this through her Bitcoin wallet by entering George's wallet address and the amount. Bitcoin is stored in digital wallets which have two important codes: one is the wallet address (known as the public key) and the other is the private key, a code only the owner of the wallet should know (similar to an ATM pin).

Once Amal has initiated the transaction, it will enter a pool of pending transactions on the network. From there, miners will "pick it up" and compete with one another to be the first to solve a complex cryptographic puzzle. The first one to do so will execute the transaction. 

The funds will then leave Amal's wallet and be deposited into George's wallet. This will be recorded on the blockchain, a transparent digital ledger shared across the entire network, citing the date, time, wallet addresses and amount in a block, which are stored in chronological order. Each Bitcoin wallet's balance will then be updated.

Wallets typically require 3 confirmations before the funds can be spent. This means that three new blocks need to be added to the blockchain, each block representing a confirmation. 

What Gives Bitcoin Its Value?

Bitcoin's value is determined by supply and demand, fluctuating in price when supply decreases and demand increases. When Bitcoin was created it was written into its code that only 21 million BTC will exist. By putting a cap on its total supply, the currency is naturally deflationary in value, the opposite of fiat currencies.

Due to Bitcoin's prominent increase in value over the years many investors have deemed it a strong store of value. This paired with its constant availability and high liquidity makes it an excellent long term investment, known in the industry as "hodling". 

What Is Bitcoin Used For?

With the seamless functionality of cash, its "always open" usability and the fact that it can be transferred anywhere in the world in a matter of minutes, Bitcoin is an excellent medium of exchange. 

Anyone can use Bitcoin as payment for goods and services - many merchants around the world accept the cryptocurrency - or as a store of value. As long as the person has an internet connection, they can send and receive Bitcoin. 

Where Did Bitcoin Come From?

First announced to the world on 31 October 2008, Bitcoin was officially launched in early January 2009. The creator, who remains anonymous to this day, goes by the name of Satoshi Nakamoto and is the pioneer behind the crypto revolution. 

They stated in the project's whitepaper that Bitcoin was created as a response to the global financial crisis. Instead, they wanted to create a currency that was free from government and banks' control, allowing people to take ownership of their funds and be solely responsible for them. 

Somewhere in 2010, Satoshi Nakamoto disappeared and no one has managed to track down their identity since. Many speculate that it was a group of people and not one acting alone.

Since the advent of Bitcoin, a number of new cryptocurrencies have been created. Any new currency that launched was referred to as an altcoin (alternative coin), and this term has stuck. There are over 12,000 cryptocurrencies today, each with its own unique use case. For example, Ethereum was created so that developers could build decentralized applications, while cryptocurrencies like Litecoin were created to improve on Bitcoin's payment system.

How To Invest In Bitcoin

Buying Bitcoin is a lot more straightforward than most people imagine. Simply create an account on the Tap app, verify your identity through the on-screen steps and you'll be able to purchase BTC in no time. Get started here.  Learn how to purchase Bitcoin here

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When it comes to understanding Bitcoin, an important aspect to get familiar with is the mining of it. As we explore what is Bitcoin mining and how does it work, we aim to empower you with a greater understanding of how the network functions as well as how blockchain technology facilitates the operations on the backend. Adaptable to many industries outside of the cryptocurrency space, blockchain technology is at the forefront of the tech revolution. Understanding how Bitcoin mining works is the first step to understanding the technology too. 

What does Bitcoin mining entail?

Forget about shovels and dark tunnels, Bitcoin mining is the decentralized manner in which transactions are verified and new coins are minted. Mining also plays a vital role in the maintenance and operation of the network, ensuring both the security and integrity of the platform at all times. The actual process of Bitcoin mining involves miners using sophisticated computers to solve complex cryptography problems.

The Bitcoin network is made up of a number of nodes (computers) and miners around the world that communicate with each other and constantly share the updated record of the blockchain. The blockchain stores all transactions in a transparent and immutable manner, allowing anyone to view it from wherever they are, however, no one can make any changes.

How does Bitcoin mining work?

Let’s say someone in Japan wants to send money to someone in America through the Bitcoin network. The user in Japan would initiate a transaction from their chosen wallet, pay a network fee, and execute the transaction. This transaction would then enter a mempool, a pool of transactions that are waiting to be confirmed. Typically mempools work on a “first come first serve” basis, however, users can opt to pay a higher network fee should they want to push their transaction further forward in the que. 

Miners will then pick up a number of transactions in the mempool and attempt to solve the complex cryptographic puzzle that will lead them to mining the block. The first miner to solve the puzzle is rewarded with the task of verifying the transactions and adding them to a block, in turn receiving the network fees as well as the block reward. Each block on the Bitcoin network can hold 1MB of transactional data. 

While many miners will attempt to solve the math problem using their own resources, only one miner will be successful. This has sparked a conversation, largely fueled by Elon Musk’s recent tweet, over the electricity consumption it takes to mine Bitcoin. Tesla, the company that Musk heads, recently withdrew Bitcoin from their payment options due to the un-eco friendly manner in which the network operates, as it goes against their company ethos. 

Once the miner has verified the transactions, ensuring that the wallet addresses exist and that there are available coins in the senders’ account, all the transactions are added to a block. This block is then added to the blockchain after the most recently added block, each block indicating the hash code of that block and the block before. This ensures that no one can tamper with the order or edit the content of any blocks. 

The user in America will then receive a notification confirming that their wallet has received the BTC, however it will need to go through three confirmations (sometimes more) before being accessible. Each confirmation is represented by a new block added to the blockchain following the block with your transaction. 

What is a block reward?

The block reward is a monetary reward given in Bitcoin to the miners for adding a new block to the blockchain. It is also the process used to mint new coins and in the process enter them into circulation. Alongside the block rewards, the miner responsible for adding the new block to the blockchain will also receive the network fees of each transaction verified within that block. 

This makes Bitcoin mining a lucrative endeavour, however, the start up costs are significant and your success rate will depend on the equipment, power, and cost of electricity in your area.

What is the halving mechanism?

As Bitcoin will only ever have 21 million coins released, Satoshi Nakamoto created a mechanism that ensures the slow release of coins over time. This is called the halving mechanism, and it automatically executes every 210,000 blocks. During the halving the block reward is halved, ensuring that the cryptocurrency remains deflationary in nature.

This means that for every 210,000 blocks added to the blockchain, the block reward given to the miners will halve. To date there have been three halvings in Bitcoin’s history, with the last one taking effect in May 2020. The block reward is currently 6.25 BTC for every block added to the blockchain.

Want to enjoy the benefits of Bitcoin without mining?

There’s another way to get in on the Bitcoin action without the use of sophisticated hardware and high electricity consumption. Users can tap into the Bitcoin network by buying BTC directly from their phones through the Tap Global app. The process is simple, takes minutes, and allows you to own your very own BTC. Through the Tap app users can also trade, store and spend their cryptocurrency, with advanced technology facilitating the process on the backend to ensure smooth and secure trading.

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While you’ve likely come across the world of cryptocurrencies, you most probably have stumbled upon the term “blockchain”. But what is the blockchain solution? Blockchain is not only the revolutionary technology behind cryptocurrencies, it also has a large use case outside of the cryptocurrency and even the finance sector.

In the decade since blockchain technologies and digital ledger technology came to light, a host of blockchain networks have been created, most with their own digital currency. As the industry has grown and new blockchain networks have emerged, innovation in the space has increased significantly.

From the Ethereum blockchain providing a platform on which developers can create digital assets and smart contracts to corporate organizations implementing a private blockchain in order to streamline their services, the technology is propelling mankind forward in ways not witnessed in decades.

The blockchain solution provides much more than just digital assets, and industries far beyond just the payment processing ones are catching on. With traditional business networks incorporating the technology, the world of permissioned blockchain is igniting.

What is Blockchain?

Blockchain is a decentralized, transparent, immutable technology that keeps a public record of all information entered. Designed to record and distribute information, not to be edited. Also referred to as a public ledger, a blockchain keeps a record of all information ever inputted and stores it chronologically in blocks.

These blocks are linked to each other through a hashing system, which ensures that no one can ever tamper with the previous records, or try to manipulate the information on them. The “chain” of blocks make up the blockchain database.

The decentralized technology is not typically run by one entity, but rather from a variety of computers (also known as nodes) that make up the network, and work together to validate transactions and all information added to the blocks. Blockchain can be used in two forms, as a public blockchain or as private blockchain networks.

The public version allows anyone to view all information on the network, while the private reserves the information for members granted access.

The Advantages of Blockchain Technology

Powerful Technology

Invented in 2008 alongside Bitcoin by an anonymous entity Satoshi Nakamoto, blockchain is the technology that fueled the new way that money is transacted. Not only that, the technology offers incredible use cases far beyond the financial world. 

Fully Trusted, Fully Automated

One of the key features of blockchain is its ability to function without a central authority. The technology is designed to be maintained by various operating systems on the network, with full autonomy dispersed evenly. Information is stored on the blockchain in such a way that everyone can view it but no one can go back and tamper with it.

Powering Industries

While blockchain is the technology behind crypto, it also offers an incredible backbone to a diverse range of industries outside of this space. Companies like Nestle, Microsoft and Walmart are onboarding blockchain, proving to offer a strong and highly adaptable infrastructure to financial, property, and supply chain management entities. The number of blockchain companies is growing by the day.

The Core Benefits of a Blockchain Network

Decentralized

Blockchain networks are designed to be entirely decentralized meaning that there is no one central authority. The entire network is maintained by nodes (computers) around the world and no single entity has control. 

Immutable

Once the information has been added to a blockchain, no one can tamper, edit, or remove it. As information is verified and added to blocks, this solidifies its presence on the blockchain forever. 

Transparent

Blockchain offers a transparent view of all the activity that takes place on the network. This takes away the need for any checks or balances as all the information is available at any given time, in real-time.

What is the Difference Between a Public Blockchain and Private Blockchain?

When understanding what is blockchain, a common question is whether blockchain is secure. The answer is yes, blockchain is very secure.

Due to its decentralized nature, the technology requires a network of operators (computers) to verify and input all the information. As soon as one tries to input incorrect information or conduct illicit transactions, the network will recognize this and reject it immediately. 

The difference between a public and private blockchain is that public blockchain networks are open for anyone to see, while private blockchains are closed to an organization or a selected group of people.

Cryptocurrency networks are examples of public blockchain networks in that anyone can view all the transaction data. For a private blockchain, however, users will need special permission to access this information.

How is Blockchain Tamperproof?

Each block is made up of three things: the hash code of the previous block, the relevant information, and its own hash code.

When a new block is added, the new block will again have the hash of the previous block, the relevant information, and its own hash. This special sequence of hashes ensures that all blocks are stored chronologically, in a linear fashion, meaning that you cannot tamper with one block's information without tampering with every block after that.

Tampering with blocks would take an enormous amount of computing power and is largely considered impossible. Hence the security of using a digital asset or digital currency.

Blockchain Explained: How Does It Work

At its core, blockchain records and distributes information to a wide network of users that participate in verifying the information and maintaining the network. Let’s take a deeper look at Bitcoin transactions to further explain how blockchain works. 

If one user wanted to send a portion of Bitcoin to another user, they would require the user’s wallet address. Each wallet is made up of two codes, a public and private key, which enable the user to receive BTC (through the public key), as well as access BTC and conduct transactions (through the private key). The sender will then input the receiver’s wallet code and send the amount of Bitcoin they desire. 

This transaction will then enter a pool of transactions waiting to be verified by a miner on the network. The miner will ensure that the sender owns the amount they are sending, and verify the transaction along with a number of other transactions.

On the Bitcoin network, the size of one block is 1MB, which equates to roughly 3,200 transactions able to be stored in one block. When building a blockchain network, the size of the blocks can be increased or decreased to suit the use case. 

Once the transaction has been verified, the miner will record transactions processed and ensure they are added to the chain. The transaction ledger will then be distributed to the rest of the operators on the network. This new version will then override the older versions, and so on as more blocks are added.

Once the block is added to the blockchain and distributed, the funds will reflect in the receiver’s wallet. No need for a bank account or legal contracts, Bitcoin (and other digital currencies) operate entirely separately from traditional banking institutions and allow for the fast, efficient and cost-effective transaction of value.

Fraudulent transactions cannot take place as this will be flagged long before the block is added to the chain. Blockchain work in such a way that network participants can immediately flag ill actors and dismiss fraudulent financial transactions.

Understanding the Difference Between Blockchain and The Bitcoin Blockchain

The burning question: how does blockchain compare to Bitcoin. The answer is that it doesn’t, there are two separate, co-dependent technologies. Bitcoin, the cryptocurrency, is built on blockchain technology and requires it to function. There is no Bitcoin without blockchain technology.

Consider it the backbone of all cryptocurrencies. Blockchain technology, however, is an adaptable technology that can be used outside of the cryptocurrency industry. The technology can be used in any industry, provided that they require a transparent, immutable public ledger. 

One thing the two do have in common is that they were both introduced to the world at the same time. While the concept of blockchain technology was initially invented by researchers W. Scott Stornetta and Stuart Haber in 1991, it was referred to as distributed ledger technology (DLT) and was created purely to store office documents.

The anonymous entity Satoshi Nakamoto built on this and ultimately solved the double spending problem it was plagued with. In 2008, Nakamoto released both blockchain technology and Bitcoin in a whitepaper titled Bitcoin: A Peer-to-Peer Electronic Cash System.

The Bitcoin blockchain refers to the network, while blockchain technology refers to the technology as a whole.

In Conclusion

What is blockchain? Blockchain technology is the transparent, immutable storage of information. As mentioned earlier, this technology has use cases far outside of just the cryptocurrency and financial ecosystems.

Industries like renewable energy, supply chain management, and even farming sectors are now incorporating blockchain technology into their business systems, empowering them with a fully automated and safe means of storing records. 

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You've likely heard about this powerhouse cryptocurrency, but do you know what it really is? In this article, we're exploring what Ethereum is and what use case it provides to the blockchain industry. Spoiler alert: a big one. As the second biggest cryptocurrency and currently holding over 20% of the market share, now is an excellent time to learn about Ethereum.

What is Ethereum?

Ethereum is a blockchain platform that allows developers to create their own decentralised applications (dapps) and smart contracts. With the intention to build the blockchain industry, Ethereum provides a platform for anyone from any sector to incorporate blockchain into their business and harness the power of decentralised technology.

Smart contracts are digital agreements that automatically execute when the predetermined criteria have been met.

Using a decentralised network of computers to maintain and operate the network, much like Bitcoin, Ethereum is a computing platform. The network also allows for the digital transaction of value/money, as well as facilitating the creation of new cryptocurrencies.

What Is ETH?

ETH, also known as Ether, is the digital currency that fuels the Ethereum network. Ethereum refers to the platform as a whole. When someone refers to the Ethereum price, they are actually referring to the price of ETH.

How does Ethereum work?

The platform is currently transitioning from a Proof-of-Work consensus to a Proof-of-Stake model which will change the way that Ethereum works. While both will remain decentralised networks with ETH as the native currency, the way in which the network is operated will change significantly.

In the PoS model, the network will rely on validators (instead of miners) to confirm and execute transactions, with each validator needing to stake a certain amount of ETH in the network in order to participate. Staking involves locking ETH in the network, and acts as surety that the validators will act with best intentions.

Using blockchain technology, all transactions are stored in the transparent public ledger, with each block storing the data kept in chronological order.

What gives Ethereum its value?

Ethereum is currently the largest platform on which dapps and smart contracts can be created, and the most widely used. With strong leadership and an impressive community of developers behind the project, Ethereum has gained a reputation for being reliable, innovative and a positive force in the blockchain industry.

In terms of ETH, the cryptocurrency gains value through supply and demand. A small portion of ETH is also used to pay "gas fees" which allow any transactions on the network to take place.

How is Ethereum different from Bitcoin?

When comparing the first and second biggest cryptocurrencies one must first understand that the two networks provide two different functions. While they can both be used as a medium of exchange, facilitating BTC and ETH transactions around the world in minutes, their primary use cases differ substantially.

Bitcoin was designed to provide a digital payment system that is free from any centralised control. The network provides peer-to-peer payments as well as a strong store of value, as the Bitcoin price has proven over the last several years.

Ethereum on the other hand was created to provide a computing platform on which people could create new decentralised applications on top of blockchain technology. The platform's intentions are to build the blockchain industry, allowing anyone interested to take part.

What is Ethereum used for?

Ethereum is most prominently used for the creation of dapps and smart contracts, however, users can also transfer value through the platform (ETH acting as a digital currency). ETH has also proved to be a valuable store of value, with many investors buying the token anticipating returns over a certain time period.

Who founded Ethereum?

The idea of Ethereum was initially fleshed out in 2013 by a young crypto enthusiast, Vitalik Buterin in a blog post. He joined forces with several developers and entrepreneurs and started building the decentralised platform in late 2013.

According to one of the founders, the initial founders of the decentralised platform were Vitalik Buterin, Anthony Di Iorio, Charles Hoskinson, Mihai Alisie and Amir Chetrit in December 2013. With Joseph Lubin, Gavin Wood, and Jeffrey Wilcke joining in early 2014.

In 2014 a successful crowd sale was launched, selling 72 million ETH and raising around $18 million. The platform officially launched on 30 July 2015.

How do you buy Ethereum?

If you'd like to invest in Ethereum, you will need to purchase ETH through a trusted crypto exchange platform. The Tap app provides users with several convenient payment options as well as an Ethereum wallet in which users can securely store the cryptocurrency.

Since Bitcoin came into existence in 2009, the use of the term fiat currency has significantly increased. But what is a fiat currency? In this article, we take a look at the origins of the term and why it's called fiat currency, how it functions, some examples of fiat, and what threat crypto has posed to it. Let’s dive in. 

What is fiat money?

Fiat money is money declared as legal tender by the government and acts as a nation's currency. The term "fiat" is a Latin word and loosely translates to "by decree" which is an authoritative order with the force of law. The government declares fiat money legal tender by decree. 

Fiat money acts as a national currency and is printed by the government. Citizens can use it for payments of goods and services, facilitating trade in the area. 

In 2020, all currency traded internationally was officially declared as fiat money. This means that the value of fiat money isn't linked to anything physical like gold or silver but rather to the faith and credit of that government. All fiat currencies are operated by a central authority, in most cases central banks, that carry out a nation's monetary policy and are responsible for controlling its money supply.

Until 1971, foreign currencies were fixed in value relative to the US dollar whose worth was based on an amount set by Congress expressed in terms of gold ounces. That year President Richard Nixon did away with that system completely in what was called  "the Nixon shock." 

Fiat currency vs fiat money

Fiat currency and fiat money essentially refer to the same thing. Both represent the government-issued currency used in a country or region. There are around 180 different types of fiat currencies in use globally. Examples of fiat include the United States dollar, Canadian dollar, Euro, and British pound sterling, or Japanese yen. 

The value of one fiat currency in relation to another is referred to as the exchange rate.

Fiat money vs commodity money

Fiat money is essentially the opposite of commodity money. The major difference between the two stems from their intrinsic value. In general, a commodity currency has an intrinsic value that comes from what it is made of, a physical commodity such as gold or silver coins.

Fiat currency does not have any intrinsic value and only exists because a country's government or country's central bank says it can be exchanged for other goods with equal value.

How did fiat currencies come into existence?

All money is a certificate of debt. In the past, if someone needed to be paid back for something at a later date, they would receive an IOU that said how much was owed to them and when it could be collected. 

Bartering system

For example, let's say a farmer traded 2kg of flour today for ten pumpkins come harvest time. 

To keep track of this arrangement and to avoid forgetting or getting confused about what was owed, the person providing the flour would be given a piece of paper indicating that it could be exchanged for pumpkins after harvest. This piece of paper effectively becomes worth ten pumpkins and could be used to trade for milk, bread, or any other goods. 

The bartering system only allowed trade to happen when each person had what the other one desired. To make it more efficient, people started using something that everyone wanted as a basis for trading, a physical commodity. For a long time, rocks that shine (gold) served that purpose.

Gold to coins

However, weighing gold for each transaction was complicated, so governments started to create identical gold coins made from a specific amount of gold. They put raised lines around the edge of every coin as proof that no one shaved off any bits of gold, making trade easier since everyone knew how much each currency was worth.

Introduction of banks

However, gold is heavy to carry and became dangerous to keep on oneself at all times, so people started storing their gold in bank vaults. Bankers would provide a certificate as proof that each person owned a certain amount of gold, which could later be redeemed at the central banks for gold. This shifted the legal tender from gold to a piece of paper. 

Gold to paper money

As the government was typically the largest holder of gold, it began printing its own paper currency that people could use to trade for gold at the national treasury, representing the origins of the gold standard. However, people stopped going to redeem the paper for gold and instead just used the paper itself. 

Supply/demand logistics

At this stage, a currency's value was still tied to the value of gold, which had some problems in itself. Firstly, if a new source of gold emerged or another country suddenly released a significant amount of gold, the currency's value would drop. Secondly, anyone could manipulate the price of gold thereby throwing the currency's value. 

Fiat money emerges

Hence, the gold standard was dropped in the 1930s. Instead, the currency became worth the amount printed on the piece of paper instead of the gold it represented. IOUs once again became the official source of money and held value "by decree" instead of based on an underlying asset. 

Is fiat money still relevant today?

Since the advent of cryptocurrencies (digital currencies not managed by a central authority or government), the way we think about money has changed significantly. While mainstream adoption of these digital currencies continues to grow (several countries have declared Bitcoin as a legal tender) the use of fiat money isn't going anywhere. 

Fiat currencies still hold a significant place in the global economy and will continue to do so for a long, long time. And while some grow skeptical of governments' power to mint new fiat money or the central banking system in general, it's unlikely that fiat currencies are going anywhere. 

CBDCs

One new development that is gaining popularity is the CBDC, merging the worlds of fiat currency with digital currencies. The Central Bank Digital Currency is maintained and operated by central banks, uses blockchain technology to operate, is pegged to the value of the local fiat currency, and works in parallel to the national currency. Eradicating price volatility, the CBDC uses a more secure means of distributing and facilitating the movement of fiat currency. 

While cryptocurrencies are unlikely to replace fiat currencies anytime soon, it's worth noting how significantly the concept of money has changed over the last century and considering how things could change in the future for fiat currency as we know it.

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The term market cap is short for "market capitalisation," which refers to the financial value of a company based on the total number of its outstanding shares multiplied by their price per share. For bitcoin or other cryptocurrencies, it refers to all coins mined.

All the coins (or all of them that have been mined) in a cryptocurrency add up to its market cap. The crypto market cap refers to this sum and is used as an indicator of how valuable a cryptocurrency or a portfolio of cryptocurrencies is.

The market capitalisation of a cryptocurrency (or any other company) can be calculated by multiplying the number of coins by the current price per coin.

For example: The market capitalisation of a let's call it "Xcoin" is $6.2 billion, the number supply of "Xcoins" in existence is 16,842,100 with a price per coin of $273 which indicates to us that the market cap of the "Xcoin" is equal to $1.37 billion.

These logistics are dynamic and can change depending on the price of a token at any given moment. The infinite total of tokens is a part of the strategies implemented by cryptocurrency projects to ensure no deflation of assets can occur, giving a riser to project potential and profits.

The current market capitalisation of cryptocurrencies

The market capitalisation of the crypto-market is currently above $2 Trillion as per the 17th of August 2021, with more to gain.

Most top coins have a market cap that exceeds $1 billion which means they are in the large-cap group, this includes Bitcoin with its market cap of over $885 billion and Ethereum also well above $383 billion.

This is a good sign for the market as these two coins are among the most large-cap markets and well-known cryptocurrencies. The majority of tokens in the cryptocurrencies market are in fact small caps, with over 90 percent of them currently below $1 billion.

You can view and compare trading and market capitalisation statics on Coinbase for a more in-depth look at each crypto, whether for investment purposes or out of curiosity.

Market cap, a reliable indicator?

A high market capitalization doesn't mean a cryptocurrency is doing well. A cryptocurrency that has a large market cap might be overvalued in terms of price, what it can deliver now and in the short-term future, as well as current demand.

Some coins can have a relatively high price but low volumes because they have been issued in small numbers by only one person, one of the many market capitalisation strategies. The price is largely driven by expectations and hype, rather than the number of coins out there, giving an unwarranted riser to some tokens.

These small market cap tokens have relatively high prices but a low market capitalisation due to a low total volume of their coin supply. These tokens can be particularly risky as most of them do not come with business model plans and many of them are just new (ICOs).

Price is an important factor in any financial sector, but market capitalization (market cap) is an important data point for investors seeking to analyse and compare the value of a cryptocurrency and is often used by traders to help determine the growth potential of a cryptocurrency and if they should buy or sell the specific crypto when compared to others.

The different crypto market cap categories:

Cryptocurrencies and other digital currencies are classified by their market cap into three categories, Large-cap medium-cap and small-cap. Let's get comparing:

Large-cap (capped at $10b )

Generally speaking, coins with the highest market caps are considered to be in the large-cap group. This includes Bitcoin and Ethereum. These are considered "Lower risk" by an investor as they demonstrated a track record of growth and high liquidity which means their volume of trading can withstand a high number of sell transactions without majorly affecting the price, giving a sense of securities.

Medium-caps (capped at $1b to $10b)

The secondary level of cryptocurrencies, mostly altcoins, are considered to be a part of the medium-cap group. They are generally more volatile, but enjoy a greater growth potential than their more traditional large-cap counterparts.

Small-caps (capped at under $1b)

This last category consists of small-cap cryptocurrencies or tokens which generally don't have a market cap exceeding $1 billion. These are most susceptible to dramatic fluctuation of price based on market sentiment. An investor may vouch for them as these fluctuations are easy to make money on, but also have high potential to lose on.

Market Cap is only one way to measure cryptocurrency value, but it is an important data point for investors to consider before purchasing a cryptocurrency. Market trends, a cryptocurrency's stability, and liquidity are also important when looking at the value of a cryptocurrency.

Coin market capitalisation conclusion

Whether you are here for investment strategy analysis, or because you want to know what people mean when they say market cap, we hope this article helped with your evaluation on the differences of each market capitalisation. It's always recommended to have some diversification in your portfolio, don't keep all your eggs in one basket as they say. As already stated, the market cap of a blockchain technology token does not give definitive proof of whether a project will be successful or not, it comes down to plenty of variables. Brand market, social media presence, online community, and more. The market cap trend greatly depends on how old the project is, currency market supply, marketing, and more.

It is always important to do your own research before investment, evaluating it the project meets your needs, the team behind it, its potential in the market, and so much more. While market cap may be of some importance, it is not the only thing the makes a project successful.

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While the crypto industry continues to grow at a breathtaking pace, one problem continues to run wild. That problem is the fact that blockchains are not interoperable, meaning that they can only exist in their individual nature. Polkadot set out to change this, creating a network that aims to connect multiple blockchains in one simple solution. As a direct competitor to Ethereum, the blockchain network has a different structural approach.

What Is Polkadot (DOT)?

Polkadot is a blockchain network created by one of the Ethereum founders. Through the use of intricate architecture, the platform aims to connect multiple networks through their relay chain and parachain system (more on this below). 

Similar to Ethereum, developers can create their own decentralized apps (dapps) and smart contracts on the network. Referred to as a sharding multichain network, Polkadot aims to provide a platform on which developers can build multiple blockchain networks off a common standard. Traders can then trade a range of products built on the network, similar to how ERC-20 tokens are traded.

Who Created Polkadot?

Founded in 2016, Polkadot was created by one of the Ethereum co-founders, Gavin Wood, alongside Peter Czaban and Robert Habermeier. Woods notably created the Ethereum language Solidity, which allows developers to create dapps on the Ethereum network. 

Wood is also the founder of Parity Technologies and the president of Web3 Foundation. Web3 Foundation is a Swiss foundation that was designed to facilitate a user-friendly, open-source decentralized web. The company's approach to crypto is one of its kind and sets it above any other competitor.

How Does Polkadot Work?

As mentioned above, Polkadot utilizes a relay chain and parachain system. Each parachain is a blockchain in itself, however, they all rely on the relay chain to facilitate transactions. These blockchains work in a "parallel" manner (hence the name) and can each hold their own tokens and individual use cases. The relay chain provides blockchain support to the parachains on the network.

Finalizing the transactions and being responsible for maintaining network security, the relay chain is able to facilitate 1,000 transactions per second (TPS). Utilizing a hybrid consensus mechanism, the enterprise network has created proof-of-stake (PoS) and a nominated-proof-of-stake (NPoS) model. 

Through this variation, anyone can stake DOT in a particular smart contract and perform network roles such as being a :

• Validators (validate data in parachain blocks, vote on network changes)
• Nominators (select validators by delegating their staked DOT to them)
• Collators (nodes with full histories of each parachain, that transfer this information into blocks for the relay chain)
• Fishermen (responsible for monitoring the network and reporting bad behaviour to the validators)

These four roles allow Polkadot to have a highly sophisticated user-driven governance system as each role contributes to maintaining and securing the network while eradicating bad behaviour. 

The network is working on a third blockchain functionality known as a bridge. Bridges will allow blockchains on the Polkadot network to interact with "outside" blockchains, essentially allowing tokens to be swapped directly without needing to go through an exchange. 

Through this intensive structuring, Polkadot aims to solve two problems that the blockchain network is currently plagued with scalability and governance. 

What Is DOT?

DOT is the native cryptocurrency to the Polkadot network and is used as a governance and utility token, allowing users to vote on proposed upgrades and used for gas fees. It plays an integral role in maintaining and operating the network. As a digital currency, it can also be used to execute cross-border transactions.

The platform was launched in 2020 and has already established itself in the top 10 biggest cryptocurrencies. 

Does Polkadot Have A Max Supply Cap?

To answer the question "what is the total supply of Polkadot" the answer is that there isn't one. The network opted to leave the total number of DOT infinite. At the time of writing the circulating supply was just short of 1 billion coins.

What Is The Difference Between Polkadot And Ethereum?

A common question in the crypto community, not just because they share similar use cases but also because the two networks share a founder. Both networks provide a platform on which developers can create their own blockchains, and following the launch of Ethereum 2.0., will both be using a PoS consensus. 

Structurally the Polkadot platform differs in that it makes use of parachains and a relay chain. This is a unique feat in the blockchain industry. Through this structure, the network aims to improve on several of Ethereum's functionalities and deliver a trifactor of governance, scalability and interoperability to the blockchain industry, without compromising security. 

How Can I Buy Polkadot?

If you're looking to incorporate Polkadot (DOT) in your cryptocurrency portfolio, look no further than Tap Global. A recent addition to the exchange's portfolio, users can buy, sell, trade and store DOT directly through the professional app. Whether looking to trade DOT for its technology and smart contract capabilities, or to tap into a new market, Tap allows traders to diversify their cryptocurrency portfolio in one secure location.

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A common go-to for investors looking to diversify their crypto portfolios, Ripple is arguably one of the most interesting cryptocurrencies. With plenty of controversies and headline visibility, Ripple is pioneering a new path for cryptocurrencies and receiving as much acclaim as it is backlash. Let’s explore what is Ripple (XRP) and why it’s often caught in the spotlight.

What Is Ripple (XRP)?

When understanding what Ripple is it is necessary to understand the three pillars:

1. Ripple Labs is the company managing the various products available.
2. RippleNet is the network that facilitates global payments between financial institutions that operate on top of the distributed ledger database called XRP Ledger.
3. XRP is the cryptocurrency fueling the network and providing a more cost-effective and faster means of transacting money.  

In essence, Ripple is a digital payments platform that facilitates faster and cheaper international payment settlement, remittance systems, and asset exchange. The company provides several products catering to a wide range of financial institutions, essentially building a bridge between the blockchain world and the traditional financial sector. 

Ripple is not based on blockchain technology, and instead uses proprietary distributed ledger technology. It was designed to provide a digital monetary payment alternative to the likes of SWIFT, catering to international and remittance markets.

What is XRP?

Launched in 2013, 100 billion XRP were minted and to date 52 billion are in circulation. These coins remain in the custody of the company and are released into the system gradually (using a different mechanism to mining). 

While XRP is the native coin to the XRP Ledger, the distributed ledger technology can facilitate transactions in multiple currencies. XRP is used to provide a quick conversion between currencies.

History of XRP

Ripple was first conceived as an online payments company in 2004 by Ryan Fugger in Vancouver. Several years later and with the advent of cryptocurrencies, two developers approached Fugger to merge their concepts and create a cryptocurrency of their own. As a result, OpenCoin was established in 2012 by Chris Larsen and Jed McCaleb, with Fugger on the team. 

In September 2013, OpenCoin became Ripple Labs, which was later rebranded to Ripple in 2015. A year later, the company received one of four Bitlicences, a licence required by the state of New York to provide virtual currency activities.

How does Ripple work?

Ripple uses a more complex means of maintaining the network, dissimilar to how other cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin and Ethereum operate. The RippleNet’s ledger is essentially maintained by the XRP community and can process transactions every 3-5 seconds. 

The network is made up of independent validator nodes which verify transactions through a consensus. These nodes are typically made up of a long list of financial institutions, universities and companies outside of the blockchain realm. 

The payment system provides products and services to payment companies around the world and has been integrated into banking systems to improve outdated fiat processes. 

For instance, Ripples’s xCurrent technology was used to launch One Pay FX, a mobile app for international payments from the Spanish banking group Santander. It was also used to power MoneyTap, a mobile app in Japan that effectively connected 61 banks on a mobile app to facilitate domestic payments. Ripple’s products are consistently being implemented around the world. 

Ripple and the SEC

In 2020 one of the biggest lawsuits in the crypto world was ignited when the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) filed a lawsuit against Ripple and two executives claiming that they violated investor protection laws. The SEC barred all US exchanges from trading XRP immediately, and a lengthy court case began. 

The court case revolves around whether Ripple is a security, with the SEC claiming the company unlawfully raised $1.3 billion in an unregistered security offering. As the case continues, each party has had their fair share of triumphs and blows, and the case is set to create a precedent for future cryptocurrency trials of similar nature.

This landmark case has been significant in the crypto world due to its potential implications for other cryptocurrencies. If the SEC's view that XRP is a security, rather than a currency, prevails, then other digital currencies could also potentially be classified as securities, subjecting them to additional regulation.

In a recent ruling in the three year case, the U.S. District Judge Analisa Torres ruled that XRP was “not necessarily a security on its face,” partially contradicting the SEC’s claims, and that the company did not break federal securities laws by selling XRP on public exchanges.

The recent decision made by Torres marked the first major triumph for a cryptocurrency firm in a lawsuit filed by the SEC. However, it is important to note that the SEC also achieved a partial success in the case with the judge stating that a portion of the token sales to institutional buyers did qualify as securities transactions.

While the SEC reviews the rulings, Ripple Chief Executive Brad Garlinghouse said that the ruling was "a huge win for Ripple but more importantly for the industry overall in the U.S." 

Ripple vs Bitcoin

When comparing XRP with the first and biggest cryptocurrency, Bitcoin, one must understand their different use cases.

Bitcoin was designed to provide the world with a digital peer-to-peer payment system and store of value while XRP was designed to facilitate international transactions providing a faster and cheaper alternative to fiat transactions. 

While Bitcoin was created to be decentralized and exempt from government and banking controls, Ripple is designed to include the centralized banking sectors in the benefits of the cryptocurrencies and provide them with the services to facilitate these benefits. 

While Bitcoin uses the process of mining through a Proof-of-Work consensus, Ripple uses a network of validators that are established outside of the cryptosphere. Its consensus system is designed to make transaction verification faster and, in the process, uses less energy.

How To Buy XRP

If you’re interested in incorporating XRP into your crypto portfolio, look no further than Tap. As a recent addition to the Tap mobile app, XRP can be bought, sold, traded and stored on the app securely and conveniently.

An unpredictable trend emerged in 2021 where dog-themed cryptocurrencies made a barking appearance, with Shiba Inu gaining much of the spotlight (and the value). Originally labelled a meme token, the network had much more in store for its increasingly growing following on the internet. As we explore what Shiba Inu is and how it originated, you can learn the ropes about one of the digital money coins with the biggest gains in market cap 2021.

When it came to crypto investing in 2021 the community was largely behind meme tokens. Heavily influenced by the likes of Elon Musk, Dogecoin and other spin-off cryptocurrencies saw an impressive increase in market value. As the main rival to Dogecoin, Shiba Inu is worth knowing about.

What is the Shiba inu coin?

Stemming from the logo of Dogecoin based off of a Shiba Inu dog from a meme, Shiba Inu was designed with the same dog in mind. The decentralized network was originally created in 2020 as an alternative to Dogecoin, but based on the Ethereum network.

The coin behind the network, SHIB, is based on an ERC-20 token standard and is only a small offering of the Shiba Inu network. There is also an exchange called ShibaSwap, where users can trade SHIB and other cryptocurrencies. Utilizing many dog references, the project's "woofpaper" (whitepaper) explains that users can also "bury" the tokens in smart contracts to earn interest, "dig" in the Puppy Pools to provide liquidity and utilize the networks other two tokens, Doge Killer (LEASH) and Bone ShibaSwap (BONE).

There is also an NFT game called Shiboshi Game and an NFT art incubator called Shiba Artist Incubator.

Why has Shiba inu been so popular?

After launching in 2020 the coin was dubbed the "Dogecoin killer" and gained mass interest on social media platforms (as well as the mainstream news). In early 2021, Coinbase added the coin to its list of supported cryptocurrencies prompting investors to send the price soaring over 40% in just two days. 2021 saw unbelievable gains for SHIB, including its ranking in the top 10 biggest cryptocurrencies by market cap.

Following a string of media announcements concerning Dogecoin (largely by Tesla founder Elon Musk), the platform leveraged on its mentions and in November 2021 recorded gains of over 60,000,000% since January of that same year. While Musk has mentioned SHIB on Twitter he has admitted to not actually owning any.

Who created Shiba inu?

Shiba Inu was created by an anonymous entity going by the name of Ryoshi, much like Satoshi Nakamoto behind the creation of Bitcoin. The network has an interesting story behind its total supply, with 1 quadrillion tokens minted at launch. It currently has a circulating supply of 549 trillion SHIB coins.

Ryoshi decided to lock 50% of the total supply in Uniswap for liquidity purposes and sent the remaining 500 trillion SHIB to Ethereum founder Vitalik Buterin. Buterin went on to burn 90% of his share and donated the remaining 10% to a Covid relief fund in India. This burning event saw an increase in market price, and of course, gained much media and website attention within the crypto community.

How does Shiba inu work?

The ShibSwap platform itself operates as a decentralized exchange, with earning capabilities via interest-bearing smart contracts. SHIB can be traded much like any other cryptocurrency and can be stored in any wallet that supports ERC-20 tokens.

The LEASH token was originally designed as a stablecoin linked to the Dogecoin price but was later changed to an ERC-20 token that allows users to stake their tokens in the liquidity pool and earn xLEASH as rewards.

The BONE token on the other hand is a governance token that is designed to provide users with voting rights on upcoming proposals on Doggy DAO.

The platform also launched 10,000 "Shiboshi" NFTs on the Ethereum blockchain in October 2021, made available for trade.

While it is often referred to as a rival to Dogecoin, the network presents many more use cases than simply a digital money system.

What is SHIB?

SHIB is the native cryptocurrency to the Shiba Inu platform. Currently (at the time of writing) holding a position in the top 20 biggest cryptocurrencies based on market cap, Shiba Inu has seen impressive results in the two years it has been on the market.

Where can I get Shiba inu?

To get your hands on SHIB you can simply buy the cryptocurrency through your Tap app. Using a range of cryptocurrencies and fiat currencies on offer, users can simply execute the trade and store of the SHIB in the unique wallet linked directly to your account.

‍‍Slippage plays an important role in trading cryptocurrencies for retail investors as it determines the difference between the amount that you expected to pay in a transaction and the amount the trade was executed at. Below we're uncovering what slippage in crypto is, explaining how it can contribute to risk, and providing some practical examples on how to avoid it. 

What Is Slippage In Trading?

Slippage is when an investor opens a trade but between creating the trade and the trade executing, the price changes due to price movements in the greater market. This can often be a costly problem in the financial sector and particularly when trading digital currencies on crypto exchanges.

How Does Slippage Occur?

The two main causes of slippage are volatility and liquidity, outlined in more information below.

Volatility is when the price changes rapidly, as is common in cryptocurrency markets, and as a result the price changes between the time of creating the buy or sell order and the time of execution. 

Liquidity concerns on the other hand are when the coin you are trading is not traded very often and the range between the lowest ask and the highest bid is wide. This can cause sudden and dramatic price changes, resulting in slippage. Fewer people trading an asset results in fewer asking prices, resulting in less favourable prices. 

This is common among altcoins with low volume and liquidity. While slippage can occur in forex and stock markets too, it is much more prevalent in crypto markets, particularly on decentralised exchanges (DEXs). 

There are two types of slippages:

Positive Slippage

Positive slippage is when a trader creates a buy order and the executed price is lower than the price initially expected. This will result in the trader getting a better rate. The same is true for a sell order that experiences a higher price point at trade execution, resulting in more favourable value for the trader. Positive slippage banks profits.

Negative Slippage

Negative slippage is when the trader loses out on the trade, with the price of the buy order higher than expected at the time of execution. The opposite is true for sell orders, meaning that the execution price is lower at the time of execution, similarly resulting in losses for the trader. 

Can Slippage Be Avoided? How To Avoid Slippage

While one can't eradicate slippage entirely, there are several measures one can take to better manage slippage, as regularly falling victim to negative slippages can result in losing a lot of money. 

• Create limit orders

Instead of creating market orders, traders can instead create limit orders as these types of trades don't settle for unfavourable prices. Market orders are designed to execute a trade service as quickly as possible at the current available price.

• Set a slippage percentage

Traders can create a slippage percentage that eliminates trades happening outside of the predetermined range. This can range from 0.1% to 5%, however, if the slippage percentage is too low this could lead to the trade not being executed and the trader missing out on large drops/jumps.

• Understand the coin's volatility

When in doubt, get educated. Learn about the coin's volatility as well as the volatility on the trading platform you are using. Understanding more about previous patterns can assist in making more informed decisions on when to open and close a position, and avoiding negative slippages.

How To Calculate Slippage

Slippage can be calculated in two ways, either in dollar amount or percentage. Although to work out the percentage, you will first need the dollar amount. This is calculated by subtracting the price you expected to pay from the price you actually paid. This amount will indicate if you incurred a positive or negative slippage. 

Most exchanges express this amount in percentages. This is calculated by dividing the dollar amount of slippage by the difference between the price you expected to get and the limit price. Then multiply that by 100. 

For example, say you are looking to buy Bitcoin for $50,000, but are not willing to pay more than $50,500. When the price is at $50,000 you will create a limit order of $50,500, however, the order executes when the price reaches $50,250. This will result in a $250 slippage. 

To calculate the percentage, divide $250 by $500 (the difference between the price you expected to pay and the limit order). 0.5 multiplied by 100 equals 50%. 

In this case, your slippage was $250 or 50%. 

Want to know more about cryptocurrencies and trading? Check out all our other educational articles here. 

The world we are living in is constantly evolving, finding new ways to embrace technology and the impact it can have on our future. From struggling to get a man on the moon to billionaires casually flying up into space, we have come a long way from what was once only dreams.

One thing that has been on peoples' minds for a while is our integration into a more VR-compatible world. If you have seen the movie "Ready Player One" then you know what we are talking about. Although augmented reality and VR is not as inclusive as it could be yet, it offers an escape from our realities via the internet.

Buying a VR headset and visiting Japan would be much cheaper than plane tickets, accommodation, and money for food. This once-off price for VR has provided a new dream for many of us, and there are a few companies taking advantage of this demand in the market. 

The Metaverse Explained 

Although Metaverse is closely tied to Facebook, now called Meta, the term was first coined in the 1992 novel Snow Crash by author Neal Stephenson. The novel followed a dystopic future where people spend most of their time in a virtual reality metaverse. Why Facebook would base their project on a dystopian novel is a question we can't answer. Facebook isn't even the first company to embrace a "VR universe", we have seen game providers such as Epic Games host VR concerts on their platforms, such as the Travis Scott performance.

We have also seen games like Second Life become increasingly popular as social contact has become limited in past years due to the pandemic, providing a relatively safe virtual world for people to interact. While these platforms have come close, nothing compares to what the Metaverse has in store. 

"Meta" relates to the Greek origin for the word beyond, while "Verse" is associated with the word universe, meaning beyond universe. The core concept of this idea is to create a virtual reality world, giving us access to everything in our world and beyond. From buying to selling to gaming, to human interactions, and more. There is no limit to how far the Metaverse can go.

The Metaverse could provide a way for humans to experience more at a reduced price and easier access, whether that be school education or leisure activities. In its basic form, the Metaverse is a way for people to integrate into a virtual world and perform complex interactions.

What To Expect 

While Facebook, or Meta, has not definitively laid out their plans for the Metaverse and all the more intricate details, there are some things we can expect. So using some creative freedom, basic expectations, and what has been confirmed, these are 5 things you can expect from the Metaverse: 

Virtual reality: The most obvious feature we can expect from the Metaverse is that it will be based in a virtual reality world, or universe, accessible through VR-compatible devices. 

Workspaces: Another feature to expect is a workspace, whether it be to motivate people, or board rooms designed for teams to have talks, we are sure the Metaverse is making space for work. 

Events: We have already seen other platforms host virtual events, this is surely something we will see popping up in the Metaverse. Expect concerts, conferences, and more. 

Games: There has already been some confirmation of VR games entering the Metaverse, we may not be sure what games yet, but it would be a waste not to include a community already interested in VR gaming. 

Retail purchasing: The Metaverse is geared up and ready to take on retail, whether that be allowing people to buy things through the Metaverse for delivery, or to use on the Metaverse. We can expect VR clothing and merch to be a big feature. 

This is just the basics, we believe, with so much more to still be conceptualized and confirmed. The Metaverse, while exciting, holds more praise in its potential than its progress as of yet. Hopefully we will see more fun additions, maybe some VR Disney Worlds or skiing trips down Mount Everest, who knows? 

Things You Might Still Be Wondering About The Metaverse

Now that you know the basics of what a Metaverse is and what to expect from the Facebook Metaverse let delve into some other topics. These are the most frequently asked questions associated with the Metaverse:

Is Metaverse just VR?

Not necessarily, we have seen Metaverse-adjacent projects run their virtual worlds without the use of VR or VR headsets. In short, the Metaverse offered by Facebook is being launched as a Virtual Reality world, but that doesn't mean all will be. 

Do you need Occulas for Metaverse?

The device of choice, or choices, has not been announced as of yet. We expect the Facebook Metaverse to offer more than one option point for accessibility. 

Is Roblox a Metaverse?

At its core basics, yes, it is a virtual world with a variety of interaction options such as retail, socializing, and gaming. 

Who owns the Metaverse?

No one person owns the Metaverse, there are multiple companies working to launch their versions of a Metaverse. There is currently no patent on the term or concept yet, although we may see features patented in the future. 

Is Decentraland a Metaverse?

At its core basics, yes, it is a virtual world with a variety of interaction options such as retail, socializing, and gaming.  

Why is the Metaverse good?

We have highlighted some points, but let's break them down again. It is generally cheaper for some experiences, it is accessible to the world, it's another way for the world to connect, and it's an advancement of technology. There is more, but these are the main focal points. 

In Conclusion 

The Metaverse, whether that be Facebooks' version or another, is a very exciting thing. There are so many possibilities, and ways it can better the world. Virtual protests anyone can join, recovery programs or groups, being able to go to your favorite artist's concert without flying thousands of miles, and more.

The possibilities truly are endless, and we are privileged to be able to be a part of the building's progress. A virtual world, or universe, may have some risks associated with it, but we also see plenty of potential for good. The positives and negatives of the Metaverse are going to vary, from platform to platform, depending on what the company has in store.

While the Facebook Metaverse may be the most mainstream at the moment, there are and will be better Metaverses such as the Microsoft one rising soon enough. So stay tuned as the Metaverse is brought to reality.

The stock market is a collective term for stock exchanges around the world. On these exchanges buyers and sellers can trade shares in publicly traded companies, known as stock. Similar to an auction, buyers can name the highest price they're willing to pay, known as the "bid", and sellers can name the lowest price they're willing to accept, known as the "ask". The trade will typically execute somewhere between these two figures.

The stock market exists across the world with stock exchanges situated in New York and Hong Kong, connecting traders through a mutual set of guidelines. Learn more about the role of stockbrokers, portfolio managers, and investors as we take a deep dive into the entire stock market.

What is the stock market?

The stock market can also be referred to as the equities market or share market. As mentioned above, the stock market encompases buyers and sellers of stocks of publically traded companies. Similar to a farmer's market, the stock market forms a base where buyers and sellers can exchange things. Unlike farmer's markets, however, stock markets are heavily regulated and more complex, with prices known to change quickly.

The primary functions that the stock market serves

• The buying of stocks: Both retail investors and institutional investors can purchase shares of companies.
• The selling of stocks: every trade needs a buyer and seller.
• The issuance of stocks: A company raising money may do so by selling a portion of ownership via an initial public offering (IPO). If the company is already public, it can raise money through a secondary public offering. After the individual stocks are issued in either case, it can be bought by or sold to members of the general public.
  Trades are typically placed by stockbrokers on behalf of individual investors or portfolio managers.

The primary market is when companies list their shares, while the secondary market is where investors trade these stocks. The secondary market is essentially the stock exchange where stock trading takes place.

It's not just stocks that can be bought and sold on the stock market. Other types of securities, such as exchange-traded funds (ETFs) or REITs, are also traded on the stock market (with some discrepancies in how they're priced and traded).

Around the world, there are 60 major stock exchanges, each varying in size and trading volume. In the United States, for instance, there are 13 different exchanges that make up the stock market, the most popular ones being the New York Stock Exchange and Nasdaq.

How does the stock market work?

The primary function of the stock market is to bring together buyers and sellers so they can trade stocks and other financial instruments. The price is set much like an auction would be.

Bid price

• Buyers determine the bid price. Stockbrokers can bid on the price they're willing to buy a stock for, and the highest price becomes known as the "Best Bid."

Ask price

• Sellers determine the ask price. When an owner of the stock or their stockbroker wants to sell, they place what's called an ask, which is the price that they would like to sell a stock for. The lowest prices become known as the "Best Ask."

The negotiation between the Best Bid and Best Ask is called the “Spread.” The two sides agree to meet somewhere in the middle, and the person who executes the trade gets paid by taking the difference.

As you follow a stock, you’ll notice the share price moves. The stock's price is always changing depending on how many people are buying or selling it and the number of trades that it goes through. As economic, political, and news stories specific to a company affect the movement of markets in general, that company's stock prices can change too as a result. This is known as stock market volatility.

Is trading on stock exchanges risky?

As with any investment pursuit, trading the stock market for both short-term and long-term periods carries a level of risk. Being prepared by knowing that stocks can increase or decrease dramatically at a moment's notice will allow you to prepare for such events in your trading strategy.

In some cases, stock prices can decrease to zero, losing all their value and resulting in a total loss of capital for the investor. While this is an extreme case, making the necessary precautions in one's trading strategy will go a long way.

Is the stock market and stock exchange regulated?

Yes, as the stock market handles trillions of dollars, government organizations around the world have been called in to regulate these markets. In the U.S. for example the SEC (US Securities and Exchange Commission) has been granted the authority by Congress to regulate the stock market because they handle such a large amount of money. Other countries have similar organizations that regulate and enforce different laws.

Regulators are responsible for:

• Safeguarding the investments of the general public
• Promoting a sense of equality and fairness
• Keeping markets running smoothly

Who are the main players in the stock market?

Below are the main players contributing to how the stock market works:

• Retail investors
  Buy or sell individual stocks through a brokerage account. When you place an order, it’s sent to exchanges where the trades are executed.
• Stockbrokers
  “Registered representatives” who have completed professional training and passed a licensing exam and are allowed to buy and sell securities on behalf of investors. Stockbrokers work for brokerages, which can either make their money through markups/markdowns or commissions on trades (known as principals or agents respectively). Fees are often charged by the brokerage to customers that use them to place orders and execute stock trades.
• Portfolio managers
  Portfolio managers are stockbrokers on a grander scale as they buy and sell stocks through large orders as they manage larger stock portfolios. These might include mutual funds, retirement funds, and pension funds, which contain a bundle of securities (stocks, bonds, etc) that are handled by the portfolio manager.
• Investment bankers
  Help companies list their shares publicly on exchanges.

Who makes up the stock market ecosystem?

To better understand how the stock market works you will need to understand the varying components that make up the primary market. Investors buying and selling stock make up the biggest component of the stock market, however, there are plenty of middlemen acting between those buyers and sellers earning money by providing services to them. Below are some examples:

• The stock exchanges charge a small transaction fee and listing fee to the companies that offer their shares on the exchange.
• Agents are the middlemen connecting the buyers with sellers. For connecting each side of the transaction they take a commission.
• Principals are broker-dealer firms that manage a portfolio of shares they're willing to sell. Broker-dealers usually earn a profit by adding a markup to stocks they sell and charge investors less than the full value when buying stock. For example, have you ever noticed how much more car dealerships will sell cars for versus what they offered to pay you for your old one? Brokerages do something similar with stocks.
• Retail investors are people who invest for themselves, and not as part of their job, are retail investors. These individuals manage their own stocks (or other assets) through personal accounts with brokerages.
• Custodians. Brokerage firms use custodians to physically hold stocks, which is seen as less of a risk in terms of loss, theft, or damage. For doing so they charge a fee.

What is the history of the stock market?

The original concept of the stock market is the opportunity for a company to divide its ownership, known as equity, and sell it to investors. This practice dates back hundreds of years to the 1600s where European explorers would raise money for their ventures by selling shares in the company.

Investors would then get a cut of the explorer's missions, whether it be bringing back foreign spices or animal hides. The Dutch East India Company was a pioneer in this movement, selling shares in exchange for future profits on Amsterdam's stock exchange.

A century later and the first modern stock exchange was launched in London. Due to a high amount of fraud and minimal information on the company available to the public, the London Stock Exchange was created in 1773 which provided a consistent and fair platform on which to trade stocks.

Across the pond in 1790 the first stock exchange was formed in Philidelphia, followed shortly after by the New York Stock Exchange. Fast forward to modern days and the NYSE now provides both digital trading and a physical trading floor on Wall Street, the latter of which is a National Historic Landmark.

Nasdaq (National Association of Securities Dealers Automated Quotations) launched in 1971 as the world's first electronic market. The electronic stock exchange is a popular option for tech companies looking to list their shares and a crosstown rival to the NYSE. From a trading perspective, where the shares are listed makes little to no difference to the investor.

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In conclusion: what is the stock market?

The stock market is a collective term for stock exchanges around the world that facilitate the trade of stocks and other financial instruments.

USD Coin is a prominent stablecoin in the cryptocurrency market. Providing a plethora of use cases to both crypto and traditional investors, financial services and traders, USD Coin sits among the top 10 biggest cryptocurrencies by market capitalisation.

In this article, we explore this celebrated stablecoin and all it has to offer in terms of being a traditional investment opportunity, savings relief and digital value settlement service.

USD Coin is relatively new to the market, launching in September 2018. The stablecoin is pegged to the US dollar, meaning that its value will always reflect the price of the dollar on a 1:1 ratio.

This is established by keeping an equivalent amount of the circulating supply in a reserve account, i.e. for every 1 USDC in circulation, $1 needs to be held in reserve. The reserve is a mixture of cash and short-term U.S. Treasury bonds.

What Is The Point Of The USD Coin?

Built on top of the Ethereum network, USDC is a tokenised version of the US dollar that can operate over the internet and public blockchains. It is designed to provide a stable digital currency in an industry prone to volatility.

Setting itself apart in an increasingly saturated stablecoin market, USD Coin has received wide interest due to it providing a strong layer of transparency. The platform maintains strict protocols to ensure that the reserves are always at the correct levels, ensuring holders that they can withdraw 1 USDC for $1 at any given time, by way of enlisting a major accounting firm.

All USD holdings are required to be reported regularly by USDC issuers, which are in turn published by Grant Thornton LLP (as witnessed in the news). Unlike Bitcoin, while the company uses the decentralized network of Ethereum to function, it has a centralized agency controlling it.

Who Created USD Coin?

The coin was created by the Centre Consortium, a foundation consisting of the peer-to-peer payment service company, Circle and cryptocurrency exchange, Coinbase. Circle and Coinbase were the first commercial industry users of the stablecoin.

In 2020, Circle and Coinbase announced an upgrade to the USDC protocol and smart contracts. These upgrades were implemented to increase the cryptocurrency's usability for everyday payments, commerce and peer-to-peer transactions.

Both companies are well-funded and have achieved regulatory compliance, confirming the cryptocurrency's stability and international transparency appeal.

How Does USD Coin Work?

USD Coins are created through a process of minting. Users send USD to the USDC issuer's bank account, which then uses the USDC smart contract to create the equivalent amount of USDC. The digital currencies are then delivered to the user, with the fiat payment held in reserve.

Should the user wish to liquidate their USDC, they can send a request to the USDC issuer who then sends a request to the USDC smart contract to take a certain amount of USDC out of circulation. The issuer then sends the equivalent amount of USD (minus fees) to the user's bank account, taken from the reserve.

USD Coins can be traded through exchanges for other cryptocurrencies, or sent to crypto wallets around the world (provided that they support ERC-20 tokens). The coins are also often used to hedge against cryptocurrencies going through turbulent or crashing market periods.

What Is USDC?

USDC is a fiat-collateralised ERC-20 token hosted on the Ethereum blockchain platform. The stablecoin has an unlimited total supply with currently just under 37 billion USDC in circulation.

The coin provides an easy means of transferring funds internationally at a fraction of the cost and time that sending the traditional fiat would take. It has also proven to be a popular innovation in the DeFi (decentralized finance) space.

How Can I Buy USDC?

If you're looking to add USDC to your crypto portfolio you can do so conveniently through the Tap app. In a recent upgrade, the Tap app has added support for a number of prominent cryptocurrencies, including USDC.

Users can simply exchange one of the supported cryptocurrencies for USDC, or purchase USDC using fiat money. These can then be stored in the unique wallets integrated into your Tap account.

As cryptocurrencies grow in popularity and adoption, they are fast becoming a household term, a norm if you will. 2021 was a big year for digital assets, with the entire market cap exceeding $3 trillion, institutional investment at its highest, and countries like El Salvador declaring Bitcoin as a legal tender. 

On top of this financial institutions around the world are incorporating the asset class into their balance sheets and many are exploring the concept of CBDCs (central bank digital currencies). As digital assets become increasingly integrated into our daily lives and a more popular option for the customer, it's time we harness the power of this nascent technology. 

What is crypto as a service (CaaS)? 

CaaS stands for Crypto as a Service and is a white-label solution for businesses and financial institutions that want to provide cryptocurrency services to their consumers. CaaS is essentially banking as a service for digital currencies.

CaaS works as a simple plug-and-play system for businesses wanting to provide their customers with digital assets trading, brokerage and custody services. Customers can interact with the services directly, without having to go through the providing company.

This infrastructure can then be used by any platform, from fintech, bank, or financial services businesses, as well as be integrated into mobile applications.

Given that asset managers manage £6.6 trillion in the United Kingdom alone, and that listed company values reach a staggering $93 trillion overall, the potential to offer traditional institutions with crypto cloud services is huge. As banking as a service has taken off, the expectation is that CaaS is going to follow its lead.

How does CaaS work?

The Crypto as a Service solution allows businesses and financial institutions, such as neobanks, to establish new revenue streams by providing a simple means for their customers to engage in crypto payments and the digital assets market. The consumer will be able to:

• Buy and sell digital assets
• Pay for goods and services using their digital wallet
• Securely store cryptocurrencies

The companies providing these services also receive access to highly secure and compliant transaction data monitoring and risk management systems. They will also be responsible for developing the global payments user interface, as CaaS functions as a back-end-only tool.

This ensures that the crypto services are entirely aligned with the brand, and do not appear to be a third party intervention. Through this interface, users can engage in crypto payments and manage crypto funds.

The main company providing Crypto as a Service will be responsible for aspects like KYC/AML, order processing, transaction monitoring, and digital assets custody, relevant to each jurisdiction.

For example, the regulatory requirements will be different in the United States and United Kingdom. This will establish the underlying trust when it comes to new customers engaging in crypto markets and other asset classes. These innovative business models are revolutionising the way in which people around the world can engage in decentralized finance without the risk.

Who would use CaaS?

Crypto as a Service allows regulated central banks and fintech firms to enable their customers to invest, store, trade, and pay in crypto. As these businesses offer cryptocurrency services they too can open new revenue streams.

The technology provider will also allow pension funds and asset managers to invest in Bitcoin and the greater crypto ecosystem on behalf of their clients. This new technology generates increased cash flow for businesses and an increased demographic of users.

Remittance firms will be able to send cross-border payments for a fraction of the cost while gaming companies, e-retailers, and brands can all begin utilizing digital wallets to allow their clients to make purchases in cryptocurrency and an overall improved experience.

CaaS is designed to assist any business looking to innovate their global payments system and enter the global market with crypto services.

Tap's CaaS service

Tap provides businesses with a reliable Crypto as a Service service that allows the company to leverage their already existing infrastructure and incorporate cryptocurrencies. The leading plug-and-play solution easily integrates into the company's hardware and allows any business to tap into a new demographic of crypto-interested customers and level of efficiency.

As we saw a demand for businesses looking to integrate cryptocurrencies into their already established models, these collaborative services were the logical next step.

Through the on-demand Crypto as a Service service, we are able to deliver another layer of crypto services on top of our already established mobile app.

With Tap's high-performance CaaS services, businesses are able to provide their customers with instant access to the crypto sector, with a secure and convenient means of buying, selling, and trading cryptocurrencies as well as access to a yield-generating wallet (a crypto savings account).

While a crypto exchange can take a minimum of two years to build, our CaaS can be implemented in a few weeks. Tap also holds the necessary regulatory compliance and insurance required for companies offering this level of service in the crypto environment.

The integration of these services removes the workload of managing cryptocurrencies and allows your business to focus on more scalable endeavors. No blockchain expertise needed.

To learn more or for more information, please visit our website and contact us should you wish to incorporate this level of innovation into your business.

Closing Thoughts

The greatest obstacle in the path to global crypto adoption is the belief that crypto is too volatile and that it lacks regulation.

While the markets are known to engage in volatile price movements, the understanding is that once regulatory frameworks are imposed this will be curbed.

Government bodies around the world are working to achieve this, as cryptocurrencies have firmly become a permanent feature on the greater financial landscape. As banking as a service (BAAS) has taken off, in light of the rise in crypto adoption, CaaS is the next step forward.

Crypto as a Service aims to provide both access and education to those looking to incorporate this crypto-centered product into their business and lives and integrate themselves into the digital asset ecosystem. Be sure to find a reputable platform that provides CaaS services with an easy-to-integrate API and high regulatory standards.

These crypto-powered products and services will assist the general public with becoming more familiar with the technology while allowing those already interested in harnessing and leveraging their crypto portfolios. After all, cryptocurrencies and the greater asset class are here to stay.

The crypto markets are in the midst of a serious slump. While bear markets are a natural process within the economic cycles and should not be feared, many look to these times as an opportunity to accumulate cryptocurrencies in what has become known as "buying the dip".

Bitcoin currently undervalued

According to the United States investment company, JPMorgan Chase, who valued Bitcoin at $38,000, the biggest cryptocurrency is currently undervalued. With Bitcoin essentially selling at a "discount", now is a great time to establish whether you should buy the dip. 

It is believed that the crypto markets have taken a knock following the war instigated by Russia on Ukraine, the global rising inflation rates, a looming recession and the potential energy crisis that could plague Europe. Despite the global market turmoil, cryptocurrencies have proven to be incredibly resilient over the years.

There are of course a few things to consider, mainly your appetite for risk and your currency income bracket. As the golden rule goes: never invest more than you're willing to lose. Another important component to consider when deciding whether to buy the crypto dip is where you see the cryptocurrency going in the future. Do you believe in the project's fundamentals, and that its user base will continue to grow?

Despite the cryptocurrency being 70% down from its all-time high price achieved in November 2021, industry insiders remain bullish. Chris Brendler, managing director at D.A. Davidson, believes Bitcoin will be trading at $38,000 by the end of the year, and $50,000 by the end of 2023. Jurrien Timmer, director of global macro at Fidelity Investments, on the other hand, believes that it will be worth up to $100,000 in 2024. 

Is it the right time to invest in cryptocurrencies?

Since its inception over a decade ago, Bitcoin has amassed a devoted following. However, it's impossible to say now whether Bitcoin will become the world's reserve currency or a universally acknowledged store of value, like gold. Some investors are frightened by the rush of riches or downfall, while others are enthusiastic about the potential for large gains. in the crypto market.

In 2022, Bitcoin is considerably less hazardous than it was in 2012 and is widely regarded as being a revolutionary technology. In today's geopolitical climate, Bitcoin has risen to the forefront. El Salvador's decision to legalize Bitcoin as legal money in 2021 is expected to encourage other nations to do the same, however, others may choose against it out of fear of losing their fiat currency. 

Buying Bitcoin, also known as making a Bitcoin investment, like any speculative investment, involves a degree of risk. Bitcoin was the first digital asset to give rise to the contemporary crypto economy. For many years, it had a hidden following of crypto investors who believed it may eventually replace the physical monetary system. As institutions and governments seek to satisfy their customers' growing demand for exposure, Bitcoin has grown.

In order to get the most out of a Bitcoin investment, one must know when to buy. The Bitcoin market is unpredictable and may switch rapidly, with fluctuations ranging from minutes to weeks and even months. As a result, determining the right time to buy one's digital currency is crucial.

There is no such thing as a perfect time to make a crypto investment, however, buying when in a dip or a bear market allows for lower price points. 

While Bitcoin remains the biggest cryptocurrency, there are alternative investment options to consider such as Ethereum, the second biggest cryptocurrency. Ethereum was designed as a blockchain platform on which developers could create their own blockchain-based apps, known as decentralized applications (apps). When buying the dip, investors tend to stick to the top-ranked cryptocurrencies.

Buying crypto during a bear market

In the world of cryptocurrencies, a dip is when you buy something after its value has dropped. Buying a dip indicates that you have an opportunity to invest in a digital currency or token whose price has fallen, whether it be short or long-term. A bull market is typically a good time for you to sell Bitcoin, while a bear market is a good time to buy Bitcoin.

A bear market is any decline in the market price of at least 20% over a set period of time. The December 2017 Bitcoin price crash is one such example, in which the price of Bitcoin fell from $20,000 to $3,200 in just a few days. According to folklore, the term "bear" is said to derive from a bear's fighting style, which involves using its claws in a downward motion. Others speculate that it has to do with bears going into hibernation in the winter. 

Traders prefer to acquire assets during a bear market, particularly when they are at low prices. However, determining when a bear market has come to an end makes it difficult for investors to take the risk of buying a low-value cryptocurrency that may or may not recover.

When investors learn about unfavorable circumstances involving a specific cryptocurrency or asset, the market price commonly drops. As a result of the negative spiral, more people delay investing because they believe that more terrible news is on the way and that they should prepare for the worst.

This causes the market to lose more ground as a result of panic selling and contributes to the downward trend in crypto prices. Bear markets eventually subside when investors gradually regain their confidence and buy Bitcoin, ushering in a new bull cycle.

Bear markets are a great time for Bitcoin investors to take advantage of the price swings. When Bitcoin funds are low, this typically equates to lower fees on Bitcoin transactions as well, which can help to propel Bitcoin adoption.

Is now the right time for a Bitcoin investment?

We must first assess the market's overall attitude to determine whether now is a good time to invest in Bitcoin. 

According to the crypto Fear and Greed Index, it is currently positioned on "extreme fear" indicating that it is trading well below its intrinsic values.

The "Bitcoin Monthly" report issued by Ark Invest reported that 'Hodlers,' are more powerful than ever before, with 66% of Bitcoin's supply remaining unchanged for almost a year. This illustrates the market's long-term dedication.

According to Glassnode data, short-term investments dropped -35% below the breakeven price in the third quarter. These statistics were last seen in January 2022, July 2020, and March 2020. The aggregate long- and short-term holdings are still above the breakeven price, implying that widespread capitulation has not occurred.

Trading Bitcoin in the current crypto market conditions

Finally, it all boils down to whether or not you feel comfortable putting your money into the current market conditions. There is no easy solution to when is the best time to invest in Bitcoin. We are still early in the game, and Bitcoin, as well as the entire sector, has a lot of room for development. This implies that the investment opportunities for investors will likely continue. 

Disclaimer: This article is intended for communication purposes only, you should not consider any such information, opinions or other material as financial advice. This information is specific to that of the Bitcoin market and should not be translated to the traditional stock markets. The crypto market is an entirely different asset class and crypto holdings should be treated as such.

The information herein does not constitute an offer to sell or the solicitation to purchase/invest in any crypto assets and is not to be taken as a recommendation that any particular investment or trading approach is appropriate for any specific person.

There is a possibility of risk in investing in crypto assets and investors are exposed to fluctuations in the crypto asset market. This communication should be read in conjunction with Tap's Terms and Conditions.
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_{Disclaimer: This article is intended for communication purposes only, you should not consider any such information, opinions or other material as financial advice. This communication should be read in conjunction with Tap’s Terms and Conditions.}

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Spot trading is a simple way to invest and trade a financial instrument, commodity, or foreign currency or a cryptocurrencies on a specific date. Your first experience with forex or crypto investing will most likely be a spot transaction in the spot market, for example, buying Bitcoin at the market price and holding it in a secure wallet. Below we explore what spot trading is exactly. 

Spot exchanges exist for a variety of assets, including cryptocurrencies, equities, commodities, forex, and bonds. You're probably more familiar with spot markets and spot trading than you think. NASDAQ or the New York Stock Exchange are both examples of spot markets. 

What is spot trading?

Spot traders attempt to make money in the market by purchasing assets and waiting for them to appreciate in value. When the price of a commodity rises, spot traders will sell their assets for a profit. Spot traders can also short markets. This method involves selling financial assets and repurchasing them when the price drops.

The spot price of an asset is the current market value. You can purchase or sell your assets immediately at the best available spot price using a market order on an exchange. However, should there not be enough liquidity in that market at the time your order might not be executed. There also may not be sufficient volume to meet your demand at that price.

For example, if your order is for 5 BTC at the spot price, but only 2 are on offer, you will have to fill the rest of your order with BTC at a different price. Spot prices change in real-time, and are updated and changed in real-time as orders are matched. Over-the-counter spot trading is different than this (more on this below).

Delivery times vary depending on the asset, with cryptocurrencies typically executed instantly while stocks and equities might take a few days. This might be displayed as T+2 which illustrates the trade date plus two business days. With modern-day digitized systems, delivery is almost immediate, particularly with the crypto markets operating 24/7, while OTC and peer-to-peer trading might take a little longer.

Spot trading vs margin trading

In some spot markets, margin trading is available, but it isn't the same as spot trading. Spot trading necessitates that you immediately fully acquire the asset and take delivery of it. 

In contrast, margin trading allows you to borrow money from a third party with interest, allowing you to enter larger bets/trades. As a result, borrowing provides a margin.

However, just like any other investment, trading cryptocurrency carries the risk of massive losses if you don't know what you're doing. Margin trading is advised for seasoned traders only. 

Spot markets vs futures markets

Spot markets allow you to make fast exchanges with a guaranteed delivery time. On the other hand, futures trading is based on contracts that must be paid for in the future. A buyer and seller agree to exchange a specific quantity of items at a specified price in the future. When the settlement date arrives, most buyers and sellers will typically choose to make a cash settlement instead of delivering the asset. 

How OTC exchanges differ from other exchanges

While most people will do spot trading on exchanges, you may also trade directly with others without the assistance of a third party. Over-the-counter trades are the prime example of this. Here we explore how OTC exchanges differ from centralized and decentralized exchanges. 

Centralized Exchanges

Exchanges are divided into two types: centralized and decentralized. A centralized exchange manages the trading of assets like cryptocurrencies, foreign exchange, and commodities. The exchange serves as a go-between for market participants and protects the traded assets as a custodian. 

A centralized cryptocurrency exchange is a marketplace where buyers and sellers of cryptocurrencies trade one for another with one authority overseeing all operations. It is responsible for ensuring that operations like regulation, KYC (Know Your Customer), fair pricing, security, and customer protection are in order and running optimally at all times. 

In return, the exchange takes a cut on transactions, listings, and other trading activities. As long as an exchange has enough users, these exchanges can make money through bull and bear markets. 

To use a centralized exchange, you must first load your account with the fiat or cryptocurrency you want to trade. A reputable centralized exchange must ensure that transactions run smoothly.

Decentralized exchanges

A decentralized exchange (DEX) is another trading platform popular in the cryptocurrency industry. A DEX provides many of the same basic services as a centralized exchange, although instead of matching orders through the use of traditional technology, it does so via blockchain technology. In most cases, DEX users do not need to create an account and can trade peer-to-peer without having to load funds onto the platform. 

DEXs operate using smart contracts which execute trades directly from the traders' wallets, bypassing exchanges entirely. Many individuals appreciate the freedom and privacy that comes with a DEX because it provides greater anonymity than a typical exchange. This, however, has its drawback, such as security concerns. 

Over-the-counter

Lastly, there is over-the-counter trading (OTC), also known as off-exchange trading. OTC exchanges allow brokers, traders, and dealers to trade financial assets, currencies and securities through direct transactions. Spot trading on the OTC market uses a variety of communication channels to arrange trades, including phones and instant messaging.

OTC trades avoid the use of an order book providing certain benefits. If you're trading a low-volume liquid asset like a small-cap coin, a big order on a centralized or decentralized exchange may cause slippage. Because the exchange is unable to completely fill your order at the desired price, you must accept greater prices in order to complete it. With large OTC trades, the trader will get better prices.

Even liquid assets like Bitcoin can suffer from slippage when orders are too big. So, large BTC purchases may also profit from OTC transactions.

Final thoughts

Spot trading is a widely used method of trading, particularly for beginner traders. Although it's relatively straightforward, it’s always best to be well informed and well-educated. 

You might have come across the term crypto rug pull in the news over the years, but what does it mean? Different to a pump and dump scheme, we explore the rug pull crypto meaning to help you gain a greater understanding of the industry.

What is a Rug Pull Crypto?

A rug pull is a malicious cryptocurrency industry technique where developers abandon a crypto project and flee with investors' funds.

In the decentralized finance (DeFi) ecosystem, particularly on decentralized exchanges (DEXs), bad actors create a token and list it on a DEX, then link it to a major digital currency like Ethereum.

Developers will often also create hype around the token on Telegram, Twitter, and other social media platforms by abruptly pumping loads of money into their liquidity pool in an attempt to reassure investors. Once a large number of unsuspicious investors swap their ETH for the offered token, the creators drain everything from the liquidity pool, bringing the coin's price to zero.

This is typically seen in a new project, and not in established projects such as Bitcoin, Ethereum, etc.

Rugs Pools and DEXs

Rug pulls thrive on decentralized exchange platforms like DEXs since they allow users to list tokens without undergoing an audit, unlike centralized cryptocurrency exchanges. Furthermore, creating ERC-20 tokens on open-source blockchain technologies such as Ethereum is simple and free. These two features create the ideal climate for a rug pull, and are being used against the unsuspecting public.

What To Look Out For

While this is unlikely to happen to established cryptocurrency projects, there are many crypto projects out there, especially new ones, that might signal a red flag.

It's important to note that the prices of tokens in a pool are determined by the current balances of each. To prevent being caught off guard, ensure there is liquidity in a pool. However, this is only the beginning; you must also look for any lock-in requirements on the pooling system. Most reputable firms lock pooled liquidity for a certain length of time.

A coin that has risen in price within hours is another common feature of a rug pull. A rug pull coin, for example, might jump from 0 to 50X in just 24 hours. This scheme is intended to generate FOMO among investors and encourage them to add even more money into the project.

An "unruggable" project is one that doesn't have a significant number of tokens held by the development team. A project may be classed as "unruggable" if it does not include the signature big number of team-held tokens that could be stolen through a rug pull or exit scam.

An unruggable project is one in which the team gives up any ownership of tokens, such as those they would have received during a presale.

Are Crypto Rug Pulls Illegal?

While crypto rug pulls should be illegal, unfortunately, due to the youth of the crypto industry the laws surrounding rug pulls are not the legal system. Unfortunately, many criminals have and continue to get away with rug pulls and related crimes.

Biggest Rug Pulls

One of the biggest rug pulls to take place in the crypto industry is the Squid game crypto rug pull, which took place in late 2021.

The token, which was named after the popular Netflix series Squid Game was created by an unknown group, and grew dramatically in value with each coin rising from next-to-nothing to an astounding $2,861.

At the peak of its performance, the website was taken down and the promoters were unable to be reached. The liquidity suddenly vanished, sending the value of the token plummeting to near zero while the developers took home more than $3.3 million. Over 43,000 investors had the rug pulled out from under their feet as they suddenly become holders of a worthless token.

It was subsequently discovered that the project's creators had included an anti-dumping mechanism preventing individuals from selling their tokens, indicating that it was designed to be a rug pull from the beginning. By using the name of a well-known TV program and gaining a lot of media exposure, the creators were able to boost public awareness and lend the fraudulent coin a sense of legitimacy.

In Conclusion

While not terribly common, rug pulls happen from time to time and it's in investors' best interests to know about them. Consider these tips mentioned above when navigating the crypto space, and be sure to fully vet a project's quality before parting ways with any money. Choosing established cryptocurrency projects is always advisable, particularly over a new project that has garnered a lot of hype. Unfortunately, crypto rug pulls are here to stay, but that doesn't mean that you need to be involved.

We’ve covered what Proof of Work and Proof of Stake is, but what is PaaS?

In this article, we’re making this rather complicated-sounding term easy to understand as we explore where it came from, what it means, and why it’s likely to keep popping up in the crypto realm. 

What Is PaaS?

PaaS stands for Platform as a Service and refers to a cloud delivery service that uses third-party cloud service providers. “As a service” indicates that the cloud computing service is provided by a third party, rather than the user having to manage their own hardware and software.

PaaS providers offer a range of services, including operating systems, databases, middleware, and other software development tools. PaaS offerings can be used for both cloud-native and hybrid cloud applications.

PaaS solutions are popular among software developers and businesses looking to migrate their applications to the cloud. They provide an application development platform that can be used to build and deploy applications quickly and easily, without the need for specialized hardware or software.

Some of the key benefits of PaaS include reduced costs, faster deployment, and greater flexibility and scalability. PaaS providers offer a range of services, including operating systems, databases, middleware, and other software development tools. This allows users to develop, run, and manage applications without having to worry about the underlying infrastructure.

The History of PaaS

PaaS first appeared in 2005 as Zimki under the company Fontago. Zimki allowed users to build and deploy web services and applications through its code execution platform.

Billing was determined based on the number of JavaScript operations, the amount of web traffic and the total storage used, providing users with a much clearer cost structure than on other platforms. The platform was eventually shut down in 2008 by its parent company.

That same year the Google App Engine was launched allowing users to create web services and applications using languages like Go, PHP, Node.js, Java and Python.

Today, Google remains the biggest PaaS vendor in the world. 

How Does PaaS Work?

Instead of replacing its overall IT infrastructure and running these services in-house, PaaS streamlines access to its key services. This helps to reduce time in deployment as well as minimize startup costs. 

PaaS allows users to tap into resources and functions like capacity on demand, data storage, text editing, vision management and testing services despite being in geographically different locations. All while using a pay-per-use model. 

PaaS Offers Development Tools

PaaS, or Platform as a Service, is a cloud-based platform that provides users with access to the tools and resources needed to develop and run applications. Instead of replacing its overall IT infrastructure and running these services in-house, PaaS streamlines access to its key services, allowing users to easily tap into resources and functions like capacity on demand, data storage, text editing, vision management, and testing services. This pay-per-use model enables users to access the tools and resources they need without incurring the high costs of building and maintaining their own infrastructure.

PaaS technology offers a range of benefits for both developers and businesses, including the ability to easily integrate databases, manage infrastructure, and access data centers. This can provide a range of advantages, such as improved performance, enhanced security, and increased scalability.

PaaS technology providers also offer a range of services and support to their customers, including integration platforms and infrastructure management services. This can help businesses to quickly and easily integrate their applications with other systems and platforms, allowing them to take advantage of the benefits of PaaS without having to worry about the underlying infrastructure.

PaaS vs IaaS vs SaaS

PaaS, IaaS, and SaaS are all different models of cloud computing. PaaS, or Platform as a Service, provides access to the tools and resources needed to develop and run applications, while IaaS, or Infrastructure as a Service, offers access to the underlying infrastructure, including storage, networking, and computing power. SaaS, or Software as a Service, provides access to software applications over the internet.

These models differ in terms of what areas are handled on-site and which are handled by a third-party provider. For example, with PaaS, the infrastructure and operating system are managed by the provider, while the customer focuses on developing and deploying their own applications. With IaaS, the provider manages the infrastructure, while the customer is responsible for the operating system and applications. With SaaS, the provider manages everything, including the infrastructure, operating system, and applications.

Examples of companies that offer PaaS services include Amazon Web Services and the IBM Cloud, while IaaS providers include AWS, Microsoft Azure, and Google Cloud. Dropbox, Salesforce, and Google Apps are examples of SaaS providers.

These models offer advantages to businesses and developers looking to enter the cloud computing space. For example, PaaS offers the ability to focus on app development without worrying about the underlying infrastructure, while IaaS and SaaS provide access to cloud resources and the ability to quickly deploy and scale applications. These models can also be used to build communications platforms and other mobile applications, providing access to the necessary infrastructure and resources.

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PaaS Provider In Blockchain

The use of PaaS technology, or Platform as a Service, within the blockchain industry is becoming increasingly popular. While blockchain platforms themselves are not typically structured in a PaaS way, the concept of BPaaS, or Blockchain Platform as a Service, offers businesses and enterprises the opportunity to focus on the development of software and other services for customers.

BPaaS provides numerous advantages for companies looking to enter the blockchain space. It allows businesses to leverage the power of cloud-based infrastructure and resources to develop and deploy applications without the need to manage their own hardware and software.

PaaS providers like Amazon Managed Blockchain and the IBM Blockchain Platform are leading the way in offering BPaaS solutions to businesses. These platforms offer a range of tools and resources for application development, including integrated development environments (IDEs), code libraries, and APIs. This allows developers to focus on building and deploying their own blockchain-based applications without worrying about the underlying infrastructure.

Overall, the use of PaaS in the blockchain industry offers numerous benefits, including reduced production costs, streamlined deployment, and the ability to easily integrate specific AI capabilities into applications. This makes it an attractive option for businesses looking to enter the blockchain space.

Crypto lending might be the hot new product in the cryptocurrency space, but before you dive in be sure to first understand what it entails. The concept grew great traction with the rise of the decentralized finance (DeFi) movement, with platforms offering users high yields for borrowing crypto assets. 

Let’s get started with what crypto lending is, and then explore how the product works. 

What is crypto lending?

Crypto lending is a traditional banking service curated to the crypto world. With the DeFi space remains largely unregulated, many crypto exchanges and other platforms have started offering these services, with added security. 

Crypto lending involves a user lending crypto assets to a platform in return for interest, which allows other users to then borrow said crypto assets, paying interest on the amount borrowed. The platform will then take a small percentage of the interest paid. 

Depending on the platform and other factors, crypto lending platforms may be centralized or decentralized and offer exceptionally high-interest rates, with annual percentage yields (APYs) of 15% or more. With the interest rates being higher than traditional bank accounts, lenders gain access to much greater yields, increasing their returns. 

Another advantage to crypto lending is that users are still exposed to price gains in the market. Meaning that if you deposit your Bitcoin when it's worth $20,000 and the price rises in value to $50,000, you are still able to realize these returns and earn interest for the duration of the loan. 

Note that interest rates might fluctuate with market conditions on some platforms, increasing when the prices increase and decreasing when markets are down.

How does crypto lending work?

Cryptocurrency lending platforms function as middlemen connecting lenders to borrowers. Lenders deposit their digital currency into high-interest lending accounts, and borrowers utilize the lending platform to acquire loans. These systems then lend money utilizing the crypto that investors have provided them.

The platform controls its net interest margins by establishing the interest rates for both lending and borrowing.

Rates on platforms differ from cryptocurrency to cryptocurrency, some platforms might offer higher interest rates to lenders willing to commit to a certain time frame. There is no standard interest rate for cryptocurrencies, as each platform has its own set of rules.

Centralized crypto lending means putting your money in the hands of a corporation or other entity to manage and make the process easier. Accounts are created for borrowers and lenders, and loans may be requested by applicants.

Lenders and borrowers may connect their cryptocurrency wallets to a decentralized crypto lending protocol, ​​which uses smart contracts to automate the lender-borrower relationship. Smart contracts are automated digital agreements that execute once certain criteria is met. 

The advantages of crypto lending

There are several benefits to crypto lending when comparing it to a regular bank account.

Borrowers have access to these financial services without having to pass a credit check, making it more financially inclusive than traditional banking services. They are also exposed to lower interest rates than regular banking loans.

Lenders that give loans in the form of cryptocurrencies can make a lot more money from their crypto assets than savings accounts. It may also be a more adaptable choice to crypto staking, which requires users to lock up their cryptocurrency and submit it to a blockchain security method. Depending on the platform, lending usually gives users access to their funds.

The downside to crypto lending

The agreement with crypto loan companies is generally made on individual terms by institution borrowers. As interest rates vary across platforms and cryptocurrencies, each company is different.

There have been several cases where lending platforms have been hit by severe liquidity crisis, notably Celsius, Voyager Digital, and BlockFi. Glenn Huybrecht, COO of Cake DeFi, said, “Some lending providers have been very generous with low collateral requirements, which then puts them in hot water when one of their customer's defaults.”

Due to the ongoing regulation battles, these crypto services are also not backed by government safety nets, like the traditional banks are. However, some platforms do hold insurance and the necessary regulatory accreditations so be sure to seek one that has all of the above.

Closing thoughts

Crypto lending platforms differ greatly from one another so be sure to check each platform, their interest rates for all the various currencies supported, and if there are any lock-up periods or fees payable. 

The poundtoken is a blockchain-based stablecoin pegged to the British pound sterling (GBP). With the rising interest in stablecoins, the poundtoken presents the perfect solution for UK-based crypto enthusiasts. As one of the first regulated GBP-based stablecoins, the poundtoken has an impressive and transparent means of ensuring that it is appropriately backed. 

What is poundtoken (GBPT)?

As mentioned above, the poundtoken is a stablecoin pegged to the British pound sterling (GBP), meaning that the poundtoken price will always be equivalent to that of ￡1. The coin is issued by Blackfridge SC Limited, a fintech platform licensed and regulated by the Isle of Man Financial Services Authority. GBPT is the first regulated stablecoin in the British Isles.

Stablecoins are required to hold reserves for each coin in circulation, and poundtoken is no exception. Blackfridge, based in the Isle of Man, holds 100% fiat reserves in segregated accounts in a European bank, and undergoes monthly proof of reserve attestations and annual financial audits by KPMG. 

With 2.45 million tokens as the maximum supply, poundtoken is an excellent option when looking for a GBP-backed stablecoin as it allows for direct GBP access to digital asset exchanges and DeFi (decentralised finance) protocols, while also ensuring frictionless real-time settlements.

Who created poundtoken?

Poundtoken was created by Alan Sun, Michael Crosbie and Nicholas Maybin as a solution to price volatility in the cryptocurrency space. Launched on July 11, 2022, the British Isles regulated GBPT was designed to merge the benefits of blockchain technology and smart contracts with the strengths of a regulated financial product. 

Through its fully vetted audit system, the stablecoin ensures that investors are always in the know regarding its backing and can rest assured knowing that the stablecoin is backed appropriately. This comes as a breath of fresh air when compared to other failed stablecoin projects that have recently collapsed and tainted the crypto image for investors and law enforcement agencies alike.

How does poundtoken work?

For every GBPT released into circulation, ￡1 is held in safeguarded segregated accounts held in a European bank. These funds undergo monthly proof of reserve attestations as well as annual financial audits, both conducted by KPMG.

Poundtoken.io is built on the Ethereum network, while GBPT utilizes the ERC-20 token standard. The stablecoin then uses smart contracts to facilitate the purchase, storage, transaction and transparent collateralisation of the stablecoin.

How does poundtoken comply with strict British financial regulations?

As the first British-regulated stablecoin, poundtoken has attracted much attention from investors in the digital asset markets for its strict auditing process, entirely transparent to the public. Since complying with the rigorous British financial regulation requirements, holders can rest assured knowing that they can redeem their stablecoin for GBP at any given time.

Isle of Man Financial Services Authority

The issuing company, Blackfridge is fully regulated and licensed by the IOMFSA. Through this licensing, Blackfridge is required to hold GBP equal to the value of the tokens issued at all times.

How Can I Buy GBPT?

Users looking to accumulate GBPT can do so conveniently from their Tap account. Simply register an account, and you'll be able to onboard several crypto and fiat currencies. From there you can buy, trade or sell at excellent rates as well as store the currencies in a secure location. 

Tap allows users to deposit several currencies, for example, Bitcoin or USD, and trade them for alternative cryptocurrencies. Through the secure platform and integrated technology, users are able to seamlessly conduct crypto trading at the best market prices available.

With growing pressure to "have it all figured out" consider that since the start of their careers, millennials have seen slower economic growth than any other generation in the United States' history. Living through two recessions wreaks havoc on not only one's career path but finance success too. 

Below we've listed the 5 golden financial tips that every millennial should know when it comes to managing their personal finance. From things you can do now to planning for the future, these simple and actionable steps will assist in making your financial situation that much more of a financial success. 

1. Be prepared for hard times: emergency fund edition

While none of us enjoy emergencies, they are an unfortunate and inescapable part of reality. The best way to deal with them is by being prepared, and this means putting in the work ahead of time. By having a plan in place, you can minimize the stress and damage that these situations cause.

While rule number 1 of financial health is getting yourself out of debt, rule number two is creating an emergency fund. This is considered to be six months' worth of living expenses saved in a savings account so should something go wrong - from unemployment to medical bills to car or household repairs - this doesn't take a negative toll on your personal finance. 

While this is not something one can typically create overnight, consider your budget and how much you can allocate to your emergency fund each month. Then start putting the money aside, even if it takes you a year or two to get there. 

Consider if something went wrong and you needed access to cash fast, would you instead use the money from your emergency fund, or take out high-interest debt in the form of a credit card or personal loan? Note that taking funds from your retirement savings was not an option, and nor should it ever be.

In your path to financial success, always have a plan to fall back on. 

2. Living large is fun, but can your personal finance really afford it? 

Before making big money decisions, you must ask yourself difficult questions.

Before you upgrade your car, consider whether you can really afford it. Aside from the car, there is also insurance and gas and services, can your budget afford to take these on? 

Or when moving apartments, is the upgrade totally necessary, and can your budget handle it? As millennials, we love to live the high life, but just make sure that your budget isn't taking strain and that everything you buy is well within your means. 

3. It's ok to say no sometimes (and avoid credit card debt)

Celebrating with friends and family is a big part of life, but you don't have to say yes to everything, especially if these celebrations are taking a toll on your personal finances. 

When planned ahead of time, one can usually budget for these, but last-minute surprise events come with added pressure. Also, consider that all these functions and events add up, don't get caught off guard "living in the moment" only for your finances (and financial goals) to suffer later. 

Create a budget that outlines exactly what your financial obligations are to establish what you can spend on entertainment and socializing each month. Then, and most importantly, stick to it. If a last-minute event falls outside of this budget, you're well within your means to politely decline. 

Having fun with friends and family is special, but taking a financial knock will only hurt you in the long run. Prioritize your social calendar and don't live beyond your means. 

4. Watch out for direct debits (except to your savings account)

Living in the digital age we find ourselves in now is designed to be stress-free and seamless. Companies are making payments effortless through automatic payments, aka direct debits, but are you entirely aware of all the payments going off your checking account each month? It's very easy to lose track of your expenses when they're all automated. 

When building your budget make sure you go through old statements to make sure that no direct debits are going off your account for services that you no longer use. Ideally, do this quarterly to ensure that you're always on top of your expenses. 

The most NB direct debits should be to your emergency fund, savings account, and any investments (including your retirement fund). These are not considered expenses but are deposits into your future. 

5. Don't be fooled into thinking that retirement is light years away

Your retirement is closer than you think, don't get caught out. Many millennials have seen their parents and grandparents struggle with no retirement planning, break the cycle and make sure that you are prepared with a plan and a solid retirement account.

Don't wait until you're old, start preparing now and reap the rewards when you finally get there. A great way to prepare is to start putting money into long-term investments with compounded interest. These types of accounts ensure that your money works for you. Also, look to passive income options to help you build your retirement account.

Alleviate some of the grey hairs by getting your financial planning started today.

Closing thoughts on achieving financial success

While the economic cycles haven't been good to us, we are resilient and strong and will rise above it. Consider these 5 golden financial tips and build a financial strategy to ensure that you're covered for everything from an emergency to retirement. The first steps to taking the reigns of your personal finance are to write out a monthly budget, allocate funds as necessary, and then stick to your spending frameworks.

If in doubt, contact a financial advisor who can assist with furthering your financial education and provide more in-depth money tips.

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International Bank Account Numbers (IBANs) were first implemented by the European Central Bank (ECB) to provide a simpler way of transferring money to other countries. Now used around the world, IBANs have become a permanent fixture in the banking world and a vital component of international money transfers.

In this article, we cover what an IBAN number is, what it looks like, the difference between IBAN and swift codes, and lastly, where to find yours.

What is an IBAN number?

Short for International Bank Account Number, IBANs are unique account numbers assigned to an account for the purpose of making international money transfers easier. An IBAN number acts as a screening system that confirms account data before transferring funds between international banks. 

The system was implemented to create an international standard for transnational transactions and reduce errors within the EU but has since been adopted by countries far beyond those borders. Since being implemented international money transfer errors have been reduced to 0.1% of total transfers. 

What does an IBAN number look like?

An IBAN number is an alphanumeric code of up to 34 characters. Not to be mistaken for a bank account number, an IBAN typically includes the account number along with several other identifying codes. These include codes that identify the bank the funds are being sent to and the country. So what does an IBAN number look like?

An International Bank Account Number will always include:

• A two-letter code identifying the country
• Two check digits
• The bank code
• A code of up to 30 characters is known as the Basic Bank Account Number (BBAN) which is decided on by the country and is used as a national standard for domestic payments.

For example, a UK IBAN number will have the following format:

GB28VBCD12345612345678

GB represents the country code

28 represents the check digits

VBCD represents the bank code

123456 represents the sort code

And the next 12345678 represents the account number. 

SWIFT codes vs IBAN numbers

You might be wondering at this stage what the difference is between a SWIFT code and an IBAN number. Let’s explore the difference below.

A SWIFT code (Society for Worldwide Interbank Financial Telecommunication), also known as a Bank Identifier Code (BIC), is a unique identification bank code used to identify the specific financial institution in international wire transfers. SWIFT codes consist of either 8 or 11 characters and include information about the bank and its location.

An IBAN (International Bank Account Number), on the other hand, is a standardized international numbering system used to identify bank accounts for international money transfers. As covered above, it typically consists of a country code, two check digits, and a BBAN. The purpose of the IBAN number is to help ensure that international payments are processed accurately and efficiently.

In summary, a SWIFT code is used to identify a specific bank or financial institution in international wire transfers. An IBAN number is used to identify a specific bank account in cross-border transactions.

Both codes are important for international money transfer and are used in conjunction with each other to ensure that funds are transferred to the correct account at the correct institution.

How to find your IBAN number

To find your IBAN number, you will need to check your bank statements, online banking portal, or contact your bank directly. The exact process for finding your IBAN number may vary depending on the country and financial institution, but here are some general steps you can follow:

Check your bank statement: Your IBAN number should be listed on your bank account statement, which you can access online or receive in the mail.

Check your online banking portal: If you use online banking, you can usually find your IBAN number by logging into your account and navigating to your account details or settings.

Contact your bank: If you cannot find your IBAN number through the above methods, you can contact your bank directly and ask them to provide it for you. Be prepared to provide your account number and other identifying information.

It's important to note that not all countries use an IBAN number, so if you are sending or receiving an international payment, you may need to use a different format for bank account identification.

Additionally, IBAN numbers can vary in length and format depending on the country and financial institution. Before you transfer money or make an international transaction always check what information is required and whether it is accurately inputted.

Tap’s business account and IBANs

When creating a business account on the Tap network, users will automatically gain access to their own IBAN number which can be used to receive international payments. With several currency options, the account caters to a wide range of industries and services.

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The performance of the money markets in 2022 was far from impressive. With inflation on the rise and real estate facing significant speculation, various markets experienced substantial setbacks. This includes the S&P 500, a typically used gauge of economic well-being, which saw a decline of 20%.

Among the fear and uncertainty, it's important to remember that markets ebb and flow and will recover, the only unknown is when this will happen.

While the golden rule is to remain level-headed and not make trades based on emotion (primarily fear), we understand that that's sometimes easier said than done. Remain a successful investor despite the market dip by conquering the emotional aspect of trading and getting a better grip on your investment portfolio.

You've assessed your risk tolerance, researched historical market volatility, and built an investing strategy, now tackle the winds of the bear market head-on with these three valuable tricks to avoid making costly mistakes. 

3 tips on avoiding costly mistakes during market downturn

Investing in the stock market, or any emerging markets is like riding a rollercoaster, when the markets are down the only ones that get hurt are the ones that jump off. It is often more valuable to hold your investment and wait for the markets to recover (and yes, this may take years) than to liquidate a trade and make a permanent loss. 

Consider how long the stock market has been operating and how many bear and bull markets it has experienced. The past performance of market history shows us that it will always correct itself.

1. Don’t abandon your investments

When your retirement account drops in value, it can be tempting to "protect" the remaining funds by selling off high-risk mutual funds or equity securities and moving them into something that is perceived as a "safe option" until the stock market steadies.

However, when investors try to exit the market this way, more often than not they end up losing more money than they would have had they ridden out the rollercoaster. 

Remember, investing is a long-term game and requires a certain level of discipline, consistency, and patience. Financial journeys rarely turn to millionaire status overnight and should be centered around building long-term wealth as opposed to overnight success.

Instead of focusing on day-to-day or month-to-month performances, focus on the bigger picture. When the markets rebound and your balances start to reflect this, you will be grateful you left your diversified portfolio intact.

2. Take advantage of the "discount" prices and keep growing your investment portfolio

According to a study by Allianz Life, 54% of Americans have cut back or altogether stopped savings for retirement due to concerns about inflation. While we know investing involves risk, this can be a very costly mistake in the long run. 

Consider periods of a market downturn as "sales" that offer shares on the stock market at discounted prices. When the markets are down, the same stocks that were previously being traded for high amounts are suddenly going for much less. "Buy the dip" is a popular investment phrase that encourages investors to buy when prices are down. 

If investing when the markets are down makes you nervous, consider the data: historically, stock markets always recover. It might take years or months, but stock prices will return to previous levels, and more than likely exceed these. As will your investment portfolio's balance. 

3. Consider talking to a professional financial advisor

While the main aim is to stick to the straight and narrow of fact-based trading as opposed to emotion-based, there is never a bad time to seek professional help when you think you might need it. A professional financial advisor can advise on questions or ideas you might have for managing your portfolio and might offer some peace of mind during dark times. 

There's never a wrong time to ask for help, and never feel like you need to brave the markets solo. 

Keep your investments on track (stock market and otherwise)

Investing isn't for the faint-hearted, especially when the markets are going through a dip. Consider the 2007 financial crisis for example, it took five years for the markets to recover from rock bottom, and a few more months to reach highs achieved right before the dip.

The markets will always recover, it's how you handle the dips that will determine the success of your investments. If you're ever uncertain, consider talking to a financial advisor who can guide you in the right direction.

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Index funds are an increasingly popular form of investment that offers investors a low-cost, passive way to gain exposure to a broad range of assets. With minimal management fees and no need for active trading decisions, index funds can provide investors with higher returns at lower costs than more traditional forms of investing. 

What is an index fund?

An index fund is a type of mutual fund or exchange-traded fund (ETF) composed of a basket of stocks or bonds that tracks a specific stock market index such as the S&P 500 or Dow Jones Industrial Average. These might also be referred to as index mutual funds.

Unlike actively managed funds, which attempt to beat their respective benchmarks through security selection, index funds strive to replicate their underlying market indexes by holding all (or substantially all) of their components in similar proportions. 

This makes index mutual funds more cost-effective than actively managed funds since they incur fewer trading costs and require less research and fewer management fees. On top of that, since they track established indexes, investors can benefit from the diversification within the asset class without having to pick individual stocks themselves. 

Index funds provide an easy way for investors with any level of experience or resources to access some of the market's best-performing assets at a minimal cost. Index mutual funds are also favored for long-term investment strategies such as retirement funds. 

How do index funds work?

Index funds, also commonly referred to as "indexing", follows a passive form of investing (unlike traditional mutual funds that are typically actively managed funds). Instead of fund managers actively trading a variety of stocks, index funds are built by mirroring the securities of a particular index and holding them. 

The key notion is that by mirroring the profile of the index or stock market, the fund will match its overall performance. For example, over the last thirty years, the S&P 500 has grown an average of 10.7% per annum, which its index mutual fund will mimic.

While the most popular index fund tracks the S&P 500, other prominent index mutual funds include:

The Bloomberg U.S. Aggregate Bond Index

Which tracks the bond market.

The MSCI EAFE Index

Which tracks foreign stocks in Europe, Australasia, and the Far East.

The Dow Jones Industrial Average (DJIA)

Which tracks 30 large-cap companies listed on the stock exchange. 

The index fund portfolio holdings will remain as is unless there is a significant change in the market's benchmark index. Benchmarks are used to measure the performance of the market indexes and will influence whether any changes to the composition of the portfolio need to be made. If changes are necessary, managers will rebalance the percentage of securities as necessary.

Passive vs actively managed funds

Both mutual funds and index funds are great investments, however, they differ slightly in how they operate and the returns one can expect. As with any investment endeavor, investing involves risk.

Actively managed funds

An actively managed investment fund offers investors access to an experienced team of financial professionals or simply a fund manager who makes knowledgeable decisions about where and how to allocate the funds across asset classes. This generally enables larger returns than traditional passive investing.

Typically, many mutual funds are actively managed funds, however, it's best not to assume a fund is actively or passively managed simply based on the fund type. There are plenty of funds that break this rule, like actively managed exchange-traded funds.

The advantages of an actively managed fund are that it can earn higher returns and beat the market index. It's important to note that this is not a guarantee so it's best to check the history of the fund you wish to invest in beforehand and the performance of the team managing it.

It's also worth noting that when the mutual fund sells individual stocks it incurs fees and taxes which will affect the fund's performance. Investors are also required to pay a flat fee despite the performance of the actively managed mutual funds, which could result in the mutual fund underperforming the market index.

Passively managed funds

On the other hand, a passively invested fund mimics a market index and does not have a fund manager or team of fund managers making decisions on what and when to invest.

With passive funds, there are fewer decisions to be made and trades to execute, which allows for less effort and lower fees. Automating the bulk of a passively managed index mutual fund makes it much more cost-effective than paying professionals to determine when and what should be bought or sold.

Typically, an index fund will fall into this category as it does not require full-on management. Once the index on which it will mimic is established, the shares are purchased and the index fund continues with little to no input.

Index funds vs mutual funds

Investors looking to build a portfolio have two popular fund options: index funds and mutual funds. Both types of funds are created by offering diversification through a curated range of stocks and bonds and access to professionally managed investments, but there are some key differences between index funds and mutual funds that investors should be aware of before making their choice. 

Index funds typically carry lower fees than mutual funds, but they also come with fewer features and tend to be more passive in nature. 

Actively managed mutual funds on the other hand provide more flexibility when it comes to customization, as well as access to professionally-managed portfolios which may yield higher returns over time. Understanding how both index and mutual funds work will help investors make an informed decision about which type is right for them.

Is it worth investing in index funds?

Financial professionals will typically agree that index funds are a great way for investors to invest passively in the stock market. Not only do they require little input, but they also offer a low-cost option with a strongly diversified portfolio. Index funds also offer a good investment option for long-term investors.

However, it's important to remember that all investments come with risks, and individual financial situations can vary widely. Before making any investment decisions, it is highly recommended to consult a professional financial advisor who can assess your specific circumstances and provide tailored advice. Their expertise will help you make informed choices aligned with your financial goals and risk tolerance.

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Freelancing is a popular career choice that has grown significantly in recent years due to the rise of the gig economy and the increasing availability of remote work opportunities. The freelance market is made up of self-employed individuals who work independently and provide their services to clients on a project-by-project basis. 

This type of work provides a great deal of flexibility and control over one's own schedule, workload, and earning potential. However, like any career choice, freelancing has both ups and downs. Below we explore what a freelance career might look like, and provide tips on how to be your own boss and a successful freelancer.

What is the gig economy?

The gig economy is a labor market where temporary or flexible jobs are common, and independent workers work on a project or task basis rather than being employed by a company or traditional employer on a long-term basis. 

This type of work is often conducted through digital platforms or apps that connect workers with clients who need their services. Freelance platforms include the likes of Upwork, Fiverr, and Freelancer.com for instance. 

Gig economy jobs can range from driving for ride-hailing services to performing freelance writing or design work. The freelance business allows individuals to work when and where they want, providing them with a great deal of flexibility and control over their work schedules, essentially making them their own boss. 

However, it also comes with challenges such as a lack of job security, no benefits or protections, and potential fluctuations in income. While freelance work sounds attractive, it’s important to consider the skill set needed and whether the ups outweigh the downs in relation to your specific needs and wants. 

Being realistic about freelancing

The freelance business has gained a reputation for offering a very attractive lifestyle, but it still takes work and requires a number of skills and commitments that you, and you alone, will need to front. 

Organization skills

For a successful freelancer, being organized and managing your time effectively is crucial. This means staying on top of your tax obligations, keeping your documents in order, and ensuring that you meet all deadlines. 

Multitasking

In addition, multitasking is a necessary skill for most freelance workers, as you'll likely have to juggle multiple projects simultaneously. This requires effective task prioritization and the ability to switch between different topics seamlessly. 

Strong communication 

Good communication skills are also essential for success, as you'll need to handle difficult clients and know how to ask for guidance when needed. Effective communication is also crucial to a successful freelance career as you will likely need to take the initiative and approach potential clients for work. Promoting your skills and putting yourself out there also requires courage and self-confidence. 

Self-discipline

Perhaps the most crucial for a freelancer freelancing in this day and age is self-discipline. No matter what line of work you pursue, you'll need to stay focused and avoid distractions while working independently, whether it's the temptation of a nap or a social interaction.

The freelance lifestyle may sound flexible, but in reality (more often than not) it is still a full-time job as you are essentially running your own business.

Handle criticism 

Being able to handle constructive criticism is an important trait for freelancers, as you'll often need to accept and respond to feedback that isn't always positive. Remember, even talented freelancers producing high-quality work receive negative feedback.

Self-motivation

Being self-motivated is key when working as a freelancer, as you'll be responsible for managing your own work schedule and meeting deadlines without the guidance of a manager. If you prefer a more social work environment, freelancing may not be the best fit for you as it often involves working independently. 

Financial resilience

Finally, new freelancers should be prepared to have a certain level of financial resilience as there can be uncertainty about when their next paycheck will arrive. When they start freelancing, quiet periods of contract work can be anxiety-inducing for some people.

The upside of freelancing

On the positive side, freelancing allows individuals to work from anywhere, giving them the flexibility and autonomy to balance work and personal life. 

One of the primary advantages of freelancing is the ability to take control of your work schedule. You have the freedom to choose when and where you work, making it much easier to balance your professional and personal commitments. 

Freelancers having the freedom to select their own projects means that they have a great deal of control over the type of work they do, far more than a regular job. You can choose to work on projects you enjoy and are passionate about, and have the ability to set your own rates and choose clients that align with their values. 

Additionally, freelancers have the potential to earn more money than traditional full-time employees as they have the ability to work with multiple clients simultaneously and charge higher rates for their specialized skills.

Another benefit is that your earnings are directly related to your effort and the quality of your work, which gives you a real sense of achievement that you might not feel working in a traditional office environment.

When done right, freelancing can offer a great deal of professional and personal fulfillment. Before you start full-time freelancing, however, be sure to understand the bigger picture of what is required.

The downside of freelancing

One of the most significant challenges for many freelancers is that it can be financially unpredictable, as one's income can fluctuate from month to month, paired with a lack of job security. Additionally, there are no paid vacation days, sick leave, or other benefits that traditional employees enjoy. 

As a freelancer, you'll need to ensure that you're always available to communicate with your clients, which can require a certain level of flexibility. On top of that, freelancers might also need to continuously search for new clients and projects on online marketplaces to maintain their income. 

If you venture into the world of freelancing, it’s important to note that you will also be responsible for all administrative tasks, including accounting, invoicing, tax obligations, and chasing payments, which can be time-consuming and require a great deal of attention to detail. 

Another issue is the isolation that can come with working independently, as freelancers often work from home or their local coffee shop and may not have the same social connections as traditional employees.

Overall, freelancing can be a rewarding career choice, but it requires a significant amount of self-discipline, motivation, and business acumen to be successful. It's important for individuals considering freelancing to weigh the benefits and drawbacks carefully before making the leap.

If you’re unsure whether freelancing is for you, consider slowly taking on one or two freelancing jobs while still working your traditional 9-5. This way you can test the waters with first-hand experience and see if this is something you would like to pursue full-time. 

10 steps to kickstart your successful freelancer career

If you’ve decided to take on a slow transition or full-time shift to freelancing, we’ve put together these 10 steps for you to take in order to build up your portfolio. From finding work on freelancing websites to managing the workload and establishing pricing, here are the tools you’ll need to build your freelance business. 

Step 1: Find your first job

Freelance work can be found through online freelancing platforms, which are a popular option for both freelancers and clients, with recent data showing that 75% of freelancers find work this way. Explore the various freelancing platforms and find which one best caters to your needs. 

Step 2: Build a portfolio of freelance work

To create a successful freelance profile, it needs to make a strong impression and showcase your skills, experience, and personality to potential clients. Consider taking on smaller projects in the beginning that will display your skill set to gain experience. The more you can show, the more interest you can attract. 

Knowing which freelance projects to take on and how to write a winning proposal can be crucial in securing steady work and building a reputation in the industry.

Step 3: Establish your pricing formula

One of the most common questions that freelancers have is how to price their work, as it can be challenging to balance fair compensation with the risk of losing clients to competitors.

There is a fine line between overcharging and scaring away potential business and selling yourself short. Use trial and error to figure out specifically where your skill set lies, and don’t be afraid to check out what other freelancers offering similar skills are charging. 

Remember: Your work is valuable, and your expertise, experience, and dedication deserve to be rewarded.

Step 4: Discuss the job parameters with the client before beginning

Before starting work on a project, it's important to discuss and agree on details with the client, including deadlines, the scope of work, and payment terms. This step is vital and should never be skipped.

Be sure to understand what the client wants and effectively communicate your requirements before spending any time on the project you’ve just landed on. 

Step 5: Manage client expectations

Freelancers need to manage client expectations and maintain a positive working relationship through effective communication and a clear contract. Always start on the right foot by being polite, assertive, and transparent.

Each client will be different so ensure that you navigate these relationships in a tailor-made manner. Ideally, you want to establish a strong client relationship and meet (or hopefully exceed) their expectations. 

Step 6: Manage your time effectively 

You’ve landed the job, now it's time to do the work. Time management is key to productivity and success as a freelancer. Ensure that you are scheduling work during productive hours, using time-tracking software if necessary, and effectively using your time to balance the workload of multiple projects.

Take the time to explore various tips and tricks for managing your time between projects, and build a winning formula that works specifically to your needs. The primary goal here is to maximize your productivity. 

Step 7: Get paid

Getting paid as a freelancer can involve choosing the right payment options, dealing with fees and invoicing, and learning the best course of action for receiving international payments. Tap provides a winning formula that caters to both crypto and top fiat currency payments. 

Unfortunately, this is also the time to learn how to address and handle non-payment issues.

Step 8: Manage your finances

Freelancers need to manage their finances carefully, as income can vary and benefits and tax obligations are the sole responsibility of the freelancer.

Be sure to stay up to date with policies like health and disability insurance, and learn about investing and passive income solutions for retirement and other savings goals. 

Step 9: Level up your freelance career

As a freelancer, there are many opportunities to grow your career and income, such as becoming an agency with other people working under you or teaching others your skills and experience through online courses. 

Step 10: If in doubt, start small

It's possible to balance freelancing with a day job, but it takes planning, determination, and persistence to make it work. This is also a great way to test the market and see if the freelancing life is for you. 

How to navigate the freelance business as a newbie

Now that you have a clear understanding of what freelancing entails, and a to-do list of steps to take to pave your new career path, below are some tips for anyone starting out or looking to become a freelancer. These will come in handy as you navigate the space and ensure that you don’t sell yourself short. 

Be selective about what jobs you take

To showcase your skills and present yourself as an expert, it's important to choose freelance projects that align with your skills and interests, rather than accepting every job that comes your way.

Establish a good pricing formula

Finding the right pricing balance can be tricky - charging too little can make you appear less experienced while overcharging can lead clients to seek out more affordable options. Researching market rates can help you find the right pricing balance.

Keep checking in with clients

Following up with clients after completing a project can lead to more work and strengthen your professional relationship. Consider suggesting additional projects that could benefit the client's business and make a note to check in again in a few months.

Always get a signed contract before starting

Before starting work on a project, always ensure you have a signed contract that outlines the obligations on both sides, including payment terms. Although it may feel awkward to request a contract, it can save time and hassle down the line.

Outsource administrative tasks if necessary

Administrative tasks such as invoicing, accounting, and tax management are important but can be time-consuming.

Consider delegating or automating these tasks to free up more time for paid work. Several millionaires interviewed in a study said that one of their keys to success was recognizing their weaknesses and delegating accordingly. 

Structure your day

To manage your time effectively, create a routine that allows you to balance work and other commitments. Scheduling work during your most productive hours and avoiding leaving work until the last minute can help you maximize productivity.

Stay motivated

Freelancing can be challenging at the beginning, but it's important to persevere and not give up. With experience, you'll gain more confidence and find it easier to secure work and manage your business.

Best of luck with your new venture if you decide to start freelancing.

The world of cryptocurrency is constantly evolving, as are the threats that come with it. As hackers and cybercriminals are always looking for new ways to steal or compromise digital assets, bank-grade security has become a vital component needed when engaging in custodial wallet solutions.

By implementing bank-grade security measures, platforms and services can ensure the safety and protection of customer funds, build trust and confidence with users, and attract new investors. 

The importance of bank-grade security in crypto custodial wallets

When it comes to cryptocurrencies, bank-grade security is crucial for any platform or service that provides custody or storage solutions for digital assets.

It involves a set of protocols, technologies, and procedures that are specifically designed to protect cryptocurrencies from theft, hacking, and other cyber-attacks.

In terms of custodial and non-custodial wallets, custodial wallets have a third-party manage the custody of a user's private keys, assuming responsibility for managing the private key, safeguarding assets, and signing transactions. As the responsibility is now shifted away from the user, it becomes increasingly important that the correct security measures are put in place.

At Tap, we understand the importance of bank-grade security in managing and storing cryptocurrencies. We are committed to providing our clients with the highest level of security measures to ensure the safety and protection of their crypto assets.

So what are the benefits of using bank-grade security when dealing with cryptocurrencies? Before we answer this let's first take a look at the difference between custodial and non-custodial wallets.

Custodial wallets vs non-custodial wallets

Custodial wallets and non-custodial wallets are two types of digital wallets used to store and manage cryptocurrencies. As mentioned above, custodial accounts are provided by third-party services, such as crypto exchanges or wallet providers, and they hold the private keys to the user's cryptocurrencies.

Non-custodial wallets, on the other hand, allow users to hold and manage their own private keys without the involvement of a third-party service.

In terms of security, custodial wallets have some advantages and disadvantages compared to non-custodial wallets. Custodial accounts offer convenience and ease of use, as the third-party service takes care of the security and management of the user's assets. This can be particularly helpful for beginners in the crypto space who may not have the technical knowledge or experience to manage their own wallets.

However, custodial accounts also come with some risks. Since the third-party service holds the private keys, users are essentially trusting the service to keep their assets secure. If the service provider is hacked or experiences a security breach, the user's assets could be lost or stolen. Hence the importance of these services implementing stringent security measures.

Non-custodial wallets such as hardware wallets, on the other hand, offer users complete control over their assets. In this case, the user holds the private key and has full control over their cryptocurrencies ensuring that they are stored and managed securely.

Non-custodial wallets can also be considered more private, as users are not required to share their personal information with a third-party service.

While non-custodial wallets hold one's crypto investments they typically do not provide the range of services offered by a third-party service provider.

Protecting your private keys with bank-grade security measures

First and foremost, bank-grade security offers a high level of protection against cyber threats. Cryptocurrencies are often considered a prime target for hackers and cybercriminals due to their decentralized nature and lack of regulation.

When using a custodial crypto wallet, the platform on which you are storing your cryptocurrencies is therefore responsible for your private key and responsible for keeping your personal information safe.

With bank-grade security measures in place, crypto assets are stored in secure offline wallets, protected by multi-layered encryption, and monitored 24/7 by a team of security experts. This significantly reduces the risk of theft or loss of cryptocurrencies from a crypto wallet.

How bank-grade security can attract institutional investors to crypto

In addition to protecting against cyber threats, bank-grade security also provides peace of mind for investors and traders. When dealing with traditional financial institutions, customers expect a certain level of security and protection for their assets. The same should be true for cryptocurrencies. By implementing bank-grade security measures, platforms and services can build trust and confidence with their customers.

Additionally, bank-grade security can help attract these investors to the world of cryptocurrency. Institutional investors, such as hedge funds and pension funds, often have strict requirements for custody and storage solutions. They need to know that their crypto wallet and assets are secure and protected from theft or loss.

By offering bank-grade security measures, platforms and services can appeal to these investors and open up new opportunities for growth and expansion.

The role of HSMs, multi-factor authentication, and encryption in crypto wallets

Investing in cryptocurrencies requires a high degree of security and protection, and bank-grade security measures are essential to ensure the safety and protection of crypto assets stored in crypto wallets. Hardware security modules (HSMs), multi-factor authentication, and encryption are three critical components of bank-grade security measures that play a significant role in protecting crypto wallets.

HSMs are specialized hardware devices that provide secure storage and management of cryptographic keys. They are designed to prevent unauthorized access to assets by requiring multiple layers of authentication and verification. HSMs are widely used in the financial industry and are considered one of the most secure methods for storing and managing cryptocurrencies.

Multi-factor authentication is another key component of bank-grade security. It involves requiring users to provide more than one form of authentication to access their crypto wallet. For example, a user may be required to enter a password and a one-time code sent to their mobile phone. This significantly reduces the risk of unauthorized access and ensures that only authorized users can access their custodial or non-custodial wallet.

Encryption is also a critical component of bank-grade security. It involves transforming assets into an unreadable format that can only be deciphered with a decryption key. This ensures that even if a hacker manages to access the custodial or non-custodial wallet, they will not be able to read or use them.

By implementing bank-grade security measures, platforms and custodial account services can ensure the safety and protection of their customers' crypto holdings, build trust and confidence, and attract investors.

Bank-grade security vs other types of security measures used by a crypto exchange

What makes bank-grade security different from other types of security measures is the combination of technology and protocols used to securely store the crypto wallet. Crypto exchanges typically implement bank-grade security solutions that include a combination of hardware and software-based security measures, such as HSMs, multi-factor authentication, and encryption.

Looking ahead, the importance of bank-grade security in the world of cryptocurrency exchanges is only going to increase. As more people adopt cryptocurrencies and the market continues to grow, the need for secure storage and custody solutions will become even more pressing. Platforms and custodial account services that can offer bank-grade security measures will be better positioned to compete and succeed in this rapidly evolving industry.

In conclusion

Bank-grade security is essential for anyone who wants to use cryptocurrencies safely and securely. It ensures the protection of custodial wallets and instills a degree of trust in those utilizing the custodial wallets on offer.

Whether you're an investor, trader, or simply someone who wants to store your assets, bank-grade security measures provide peace of mind and protection against cyber threats through implementing strong security measures. At Tap, we take security very seriously and are committed to providing our customers with the highest level of protection for their assets and crypto wallets.

Considering going on a last-minute travel adventure? While we’ve been programmed to think that last-minute travel equates to more expensive, this isn’t necessarily always the case. In this article, we’re dishing out the top 5 last-minute travel tips and ways in which you can score big and tap into great last-minute travel deals. 

From tips on how to google flights to finding hotel rooms with perks and everything else you might need for your last-minute bookings, we've got you covered right here.
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1) Be flexible

Flexibility is key to saving on any last-minute travel needs you may have. And the number one way of doing so is by being f.l.e.x.i.b.l.e.

Whether it’s with your travel dates, flight times, or destination, flexibility can save you a lot of money in the long run. Accommodation and flight prices depend on a plethora of factors such as whether it's in-season or off-season, if you're only looking at popular destinations, or if there are events taking place nearby at the same time, i.e. a conference.

Be sure to check out a range of options before deciding on a specific date and time, just a day’s difference can equate to hundreds of dollars. You might end up surprised by how much money you can save on your last-minute travel adventure by just going with the flow.
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2) Fly wise, fly cheap

The most significant savings come from hotel deals and package deals—not airplane tickets. Flight prices usually go up in cost as the date of departure gets closer, but there is hope for last-minute travel deals. If you want to fly out of town within the same week that you book your seats, try buying your tickets on a Sunday or Tuesday, airlines frequently discount their fares on these days and offer the best deals.

You'll be saving some decent money by avoiding flying on Fridays and Mondays as fares are expected to be higher since they're the most popular days for weekend travelers. Opt for mid-week travel if possible.

Another top tip that many individuals are unaware of is that their browser keeps track of the terms they search for on a regular basis. If the platform notices that someone is searching for anything related to holidays or last-minute flights, the price will rise.

To avoid paying more for the same thing, make sure to open your browser in an incognito window before you google flights and thus prevent being tracked or leaving a history of your searches. The same applies to airline websites and online travel agencies. Not just a last-minute travel hack, but one to use across all varieties of travel.
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3) Be on the lookout for perks

If you're looking for a more affordable way to vacation, then pay attention to the perks and benefits offered by travel companies and accommodations, especially when it comes to last-minute travel. Consider booking accommodation that includes free breakfast and/or complimentary parking, every little bit helps. 

You will be surprised at how much money some of these perks can save! For instance: free breakfast could save you about $20 to $25 per day while parking can easily range from anything between $30 to $45 a day if you opt to get a rental car.

Always do the math before deciding if a specific accommodation is worth it. Check out platforms like Booking.com, Travago, and a specific hotel website you like for the best deals and last-minute travel options, as well as travel apps for any last-minute deals.
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4) Read the fine print

When it comes to a last-minute trip, be aware of the fine print when booking your flight, adventure, or accommodation. Make sure to read up on their cancellation policies as many airlines now offer relaxed rules for changing plans at short notice which means you may be able to change dates without penalty if necessary.

While last-minute deals and spontaneity are exciting, sometimes life has a way of getting in the way so be sure to know the specific terms of your flights and hotels.
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5) Prep like a pro

If you're looking to travel on a budget, there's more to think about than just withdrawing cash from an ATM. With a little planning ahead, you can become a savvy traveler and save yourself some money - even with last-minute travel!

Many of us have been abroad and had to pay outrageous ATM and credit card fees. And all because we didn’t do our research and plan ahead. By taking your Tap card with you, you’ll save a substantial amount of money on your ATM withdrawal fees and foreign exchange fees thanks to its low to zero fees plans compared to that of traditional banks. 

All operated through the app, you can stay up to date on your transaction history and your balances in real-time, and easily - and instantly - transfer funds between accounts. The card also allows you to swipe at merchants worldwide and make quick payments no matter where in the world you might be.

It's also worth doing your research on whether the place you are traveling to prefers guests paying cash or if it is more card transaction based. You would hate to have to travel around with a wad of cash that is difficult to get rid of.

Be wise

Booking for a honeymoon, anniversary, or simply a romantic getaway? Last-minute travel might not be appropriate for you if you’re set on a particular type of accommodation at a particular location or must go during specific travel dates. 

If everything has to be in harmony with your plans, we would strongly recommend you book ahead of time instead of opting for a last-minute trip. You wouldn’t want to cut corners to save money on your once-in-a-lifetime memories. 

Travel smart to travel far

Embrace all that life has to offer by exploring different corners of the globe and get more bang for your buck with these 5 travel tips. From saving a few bucks here and there, you could end up saving big on your last-minute trip.

Be sure to switch to incognito mode and start searching for your dream holiday, it might be just around the corner! 

The Basic Attention Token (BAT) is a utility token designed to transform the digital advertising space. Developed for the Brave web browser ecosystem, BAT aims to create a fairer and more transparent advertising model for both users and advertisers. By incentivising user attention and rewarding them with BAT for engaging with ads, the Brave browser ecosystem is tackling the inefficiencies and privacy concerns in digital advertising. 

What is Basic Attention Token (BAT)?

Basic Attention Token (BAT) is an Ethereum-based utility token integrated into the privacy-focused Brave browser page. Launched in 2016, Brave aims to revolutionise the digital advertising industry by promoting fairness and transparency between advertisers, publishers, and users.

Users receive cryptocurrency rewards in the form of BAT for viewing ads, which allows publishers to deliver more impactful advertisements. This empowers advertisers to make better use of their budgets and better target their target audience. Users then have the flexibility to hold, exchange, or use BAT to support their favourite content creators.

BAT acts as a settlement currency for publishers within the Brave browser ecosystem, facilitating transactions between advertisers, publishers, and users based on their web activity. This token streamlines business between the three parties.

Since its inception, Brave has gained popularity among crypto users and established partnerships with reputable blockchain companies, cementing its position as a leader in the blockchain-based digital advertising space. Through BAT, which launched in 2018, Brave aims to transform the digital advertising economy.

Who created Basic Attention Token?

Basic Attention Token (BAT) was founded by Brendan Eich and Brian Bondy, two highly regarded individuals in the internet browsing software sector. Eich is the co-founder and former CTO of Mozilla Firefox and the inventor of Javascript while Bondy is an influential software engineer with an impressive resume. 

A year after launching the Brave web browser, the pair launched an initial coin offering for the Basic Attention Token (BAT), raising $35 million in just 30 seconds. Selling 1 billion BAT tokens, this is one of the fastest sell-out ICOs of all time. Half of the tokens sold during the ICO were reserved by Brave Software, the parent company of the platform and token; of which 300 million of the reserved tokens were kept for future sale and promotion while 200 million were allocated to the Brave team. 

According to the website, the BAT token project has a team of 13 members behind it under the guidance of 4 advisors.

How does BAT work?

The Basic Attention Token (BAT) operates on the Brave browser, a privacy-focused platform developed by the team behind the token. Brave is a free browser that prioritises user control, loading pages significantly faster than its competitors. Unlike other browsers, Brave only serves advertisements if users opt-in to view them.

Within the Brave browser, users can participate in the Brave Rewards program, which enables them to earn BAT for their attention. They can choose to view privacy-respecting ads or support their favourite content creators by sending them BAT through the Brave Rewards Creators program. By default, Brave blocks trackers and ads, ensuring a more secure and private browsing experience. When users opt-in to view ads, they are only presented with ads from trusted partners, and they are rewarded in BAT for engaging with them.

Publishers are rewarded with BAT based on user attention to their content, encouraging the delivery of higher-quality ads. This rewards system benefits both publishers, who can generate more revenue, and advertisers, who achieve a better return on investment for their advertising budget.

Additionally, users can exchange BAT for various services on the platform and gain access to select premium content. The ultimate goal is to provide users with more control over their online experience while empowering publishers and advertisers with a more transparent and effective advertising platform.

To track the movement of BAT and facilitate transactions, Brave utilises the Brave Micropayments Ledger. This ledger allows advertisers, publishers, and readers to enter into smart contracts and transfer payments securely. Brave is also exploring the use of zero-knowledge proofs in its blockchain to provide anonymity in online media transactions.

Privacy and security are paramount in the Brave browser. Advertisers on Brave are verified, reducing the risk of fraudulent ads and ensuring a safer browsing experience. Users' private data and tracking information are stored only on their devices, preserving their anonymity.

To address fraud and privacy concerns, Brave and BAT have implemented robust security measures. The browser eliminates third-party traffic sourcing and utilises Basic Attention Metrics (BAM) to reduce fraud. The open-source code is auditable, and attention and engagement are verified using Zero-Knowledge Proof (ZKP) protocols. Ads and payouts are rate-limited, and token awards from the user growth pool are distributed gradually to discourage bot operations.

What is the BAT token?

In traditional advertising, advertisers pay rates based on the number of viewers their ads receive. With no guarantee that these viewers are paying attention, BAT seeks to address this issue by incentivising users to pay attention to ads.

When users view ad content on the Brave browser, they are rewarded with BAT tokens as a form of revenue sharing while the publishers and advertisers are rewarded for the most active advertising campaigns. These Brave rewards incentivize users to engage with the ads and provide advertisers with the assurance that their ads are being seen by an attentive audience. Advertisers are willing to pay a premium for this undivided attention.

BAT can be exchanged for cash or held in a digital wallet. Additionally, it can be traded on various cryptocurrency exchanges, allowing users to buy or sell BAT tokens. It's important to note that BAT has a limited supply, initially capped at one billion BAT tokens but later revised to 1.5 billion.

The Basic Attention Token price is influenced by the price of Ethereum since it is an ERC-20 token built on the Ethereum blockchain. As the price of Ethereum fluctuates, the Basic Attention Token price will adjust proportionally.

At the time of writing, the Basic Attention Token had a circulating supply of 1.49 billion BAT tokens, 99% of the maximum total supply.

How can I buy Basic Attention Token?

Whether you're interested in exploring the Basic Attention Token ecosystem or expanding your investment portfolio, you have the convenient option to purchase or sell Basic Attention Token tokens directly through the Tap app.

Tap is a fully licensed and regulated fintech platform that provides a secure avenue not only for purchasing BAT tokens but also for trading, storing, and utilising them. The integrated technology also ensures that traders have access to the top Basic Attention Token price at all times.

To get started, simply download the app, create an account, and complete a quick identity verification process, a legal requirement that typically takes less than 5 minutes. Once your account is set up, you can deposit either cryptocurrency or fiat funds and immediately tap into the coin's circulating supply by trading BAT tokens. The platform supports various leading cryptocurrencies and fiat currencies, enabling individuals from anywhere in the world to empower their financial journey.

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In a world where markets fluctuate and investments rise and fall, understanding market volatility is key to making informed choices. Whether you're a novice investor, an aspiring trader, or simply curious about the financial landscape, this article will empower you with a concise explanation of volatility. By the end, you'll be equipped with the knowledge to navigate through uncertain times and seize opportunities when they arise.

What is volatility?

In the dynamic world of finance and investing, volatility stands as a powerful force that can influence markets and impact investment outcomes. But what exactly is volatility? At its core, volatility is a statistical measure of variation or fluctuation in the value of an asset or market index over a specific period. It paints a picture of the price fluctuations of the financial instrument, showcasing the twists and turns it experiences along the way.

Understanding volatility is crucial for anyone seeking to make informed choices in the financial realm. By comprehending this concept, you gain the ability to navigate through uncertain times and seize opportunities when they arise. Volatility is not just about random price movements, it carries meaning, insights, and opportunities for those who can decipher its patterns.

Measuring volatility involves a range of calculation methods, with volatility indicators like standard deviation and Bollinger Bands providing valuable insights. These measurements help quantify the speed and magnitude of price changes, giving investors and traders a clearer picture of an asset's behavior.

What drives volatility? 

Economic indicators, market conditions, and even investor sentiment play significant roles in shaping volatility levels. Understanding these factors can help you anticipate and interpret market movements, empowering you to make more informed decisions about any financial instrument.

It is important to note that volatility is not something to fear. Instead, it is an essential element of any market that offers opportunities for growth and profit. By embracing volatility and equipping yourself with the knowledge to navigate its ebbs and flows, you can embark on a journey that leads to greater financial empowerment and success.

How to measure volatility

When it comes to calculating volatility, there are several calculation methods that provide insights into the degree of price fluctuation and market dynamics. Let's explore three commonly used volatility measures: standard deviation, Bollinger bands and average true range.

Standard deviation

Standard deviation is a widely used statistical tool for measuring volatility. It quantifies the variability of an asset's returns from its average market price. A greater standard deviation indicates high volatility. By calculating the standard deviation of historical price data, investors and analysts can assess the asset's typical price movements and potential risk. 

This measurement helps provide a statistical framework for understanding volatility patterns and making informed decisions.

Bollinger bands

Bollinger bands are another popular tool for measuring volatility. They consist of three lines plotted on a price chart. The middle line represents a moving average, while the upper and lower lines depict bands that are typically two standard deviations away from the average price. 

The width of the bands expands and contracts based on the asset's price volatility. Narrower bands suggest low volatility, while wider bands indicate high volatility. Traders often use Bollinger bands to identify potential price breakouts or reversals, making it a practical tool for short-term trading strategies.

Average True Range (ATR)

The Average true range is a volatility indicator that measures the average trading range of a financial asset over a given period. It takes into account the asset's daily highs and lows, capturing the true extent of price movement. A higher ATR suggests higher volatility, while a lower ATR indicates lower volatility.

The ATR helps investors and traders gauge the potential range of price trends and set appropriate stop-loss levels or profit targets. It can be particularly useful for determining position sizes and managing risk in various trading strategies.

These three measurements provide valuable insights into volatility, allowing market participants to assess risk, identify opportunities, and make informed decisions. By incorporating these tools into their analysis, individuals can navigate the ever-changing market landscape with greater confidence and precision.

Three main factors affecting market volatility

Volatility in financial markets is influenced by a multitude of factors, ranging from economic indicators to market conditions and investor sentiment. Understanding these factors is crucial for comprehending the drivers behind volatility and making informed decisions on how to trade volatility. Let's explore three key factors that can affect volatility:

Economic indicators

Economic indicators, such as GDP growth, inflation rates, interest rates, and employment figures, have a significant impact on market volatility. Positive economic data can boost investor confidence and lead to periods of low volatility, while negative or unexpected data can create uncertainty and increase volatility. Traders and investors closely monitor these indicators to gauge the health of the economy and anticipate potential market movements.

Market conditions

Market conditions, including geopolitical events, industry trends, and regulatory changes, can greatly influence stock prices and therefore volatility. Geopolitical tensions, such as trade disputes or political instability, can create uncertainty and volatility in global markets. Similarly, changes in industry dynamics, technological advancements, or shifts in consumer behavior can disrupt established market patterns, leading to increased volatility.

Investor sentiment

The collective sentiment and behavior of market participants play a significant role in driving volatility. Investor optimism or pessimism can lead to exaggerated price movements and heightened volatility. Factors such as market psychology, fear, and greed can influence how investors interpret and respond to market information. Understanding and monitoring investor sentiment can provide insights into potential market shifts and the overall level of volatility.

It's important to note that these factors interact with one another, creating a complex web of influences on volatility. Keeping a close eye on economic indicators, staying informed about market conditions, and gauging investor sentiment can help individuals navigate volatile markets and make empowered decisions. 

By recognizing and analyzing these factors, investors and traders can better understand the underlying forces driving volatility and position themselves for success.

Types of volatility

There are two primary types of volatility: historical and implied. 

Historical volatility

Historical volatility, a reflection of an asset's past price movements, plays a vital role in understanding an investment's risk and potential reward. By examining an asset's historical price data over a specific period, investors can gain valuable insights into its typical fluctuations.

This knowledge empowers them to assess the level of risk associated with the investment at hand. Higher historical volatility signals a greater likelihood of significant price swings, while lower historical volatility indicates more stable price behavior. Armed with an understanding of an asset's historical volatility, investors can make informed decisions, effectively manage risk, and devise appropriate investment strategies tailored to their risk tolerance and goals.

Implied volatility

A powerful concept derived from options pricing, implied volatility measures the market's collective expectations regarding future price movements of the underlying asset. It serves as a measure of perceived uncertainty surrounding the underlying asset's future performance.

By examining implied volatility, investors can gauge the market participants' outlook and sentiment, providing valuable insights into potential price movements. Higher implied volatility suggests increased anticipated price fluctuations, while lower implied volatility signifies a more subdued market outlook.

Understanding implied volatility equips investors with a deeper understanding of market sentiment, enabling them to make more informed decisions and adjust their strategies accordingly to capitalize on opportunities in the market.

Understanding both historical and implied volatility allows traders to develop effective strategies in different market conditions.

What volatility means for trading vs investing in the stock market

Volatility plays a distinct role for traders and investors in the stock market. For investors, volatility represents risk and the potential for higher returns. They must carefully assess their risk tolerance and investment horizon when navigating through volatile markets. Long-term investors often view volatility as an opportunity to buy assets at discounted prices, confident that the market will eventually stabilize and provide favorable returns over time.

Traders, on the other hand, embrace volatile assets as they present short-term opportunities for gains. They capitalize on rapid price movements by executing timely buy and sell orders, aiming to profit from the volatility itself. Traders employ various strategies, such as momentum trading or breakout trading, to take advantage of price swings that occur during volatile market conditions.

Businesses also feel the impact of volatility as they plan budgets, manage supply chains, and make strategic decisions. Fluctuating prices and uncertain market conditions can significantly impact profitability and operational stability. Businesses must develop contingency plans and risk management strategies to navigate through periods of heightened volatility.

In summary, while volatile assets carry risk, they also offer opportunities. Understanding the implications of volatility is vital for all stakeholders involved in the stock market, allowing them to make informed decisions and navigate through dynamic market conditions.

Tips on how to manage volatility in markets

Managing volatility in the financial markets can be a daunting task, but there are strategies that can help individuals navigate uncertain times and mitigate risks. Here are some tips for managing volatility:

Diversify your portfolio

One of the fundamental principles of managing volatility is diversification. By spreading your investments across different asset classes, sectors, and geographic regions, you can reduce the impact of volatility on your portfolio. Diversification helps to ensure that if one investment performs poorly, others may offset the losses, providing a more balanced approach to risk management.

Set realistic expectations

Volatility is an inherent characteristic of the markets, and it's essential to set realistic expectations. Avoid chasing short-term gains or trying to time the market during volatile periods. Instead, focus on long-term goals and develop a disciplined investment strategy that aligns with your risk tolerance and financial objectives.

Maintain adequate liquidity

Having sufficient liquidity is crucial during periods of volatility. It provides the flexibility to take advantage of opportunities that may arise and helps you weather market downturns without having to make hasty or unplanned investment decisions. Keeping a portion of your portfolio in cash or highly liquid assets can provide a buffer and peace of mind.

Stay informed and educated

Knowledge is power when it comes to managing volatility. Stay informed about market trends, economic indicators, and global events that can impact the financial markets. Continuously educate yourself about investment strategies, risk management techniques, and asset allocation. By staying informed, you can make more informed decisions and react appropriately to changing market conditions.

Maintain a long-term perspective

Volatility can tempt investors to make impulsive decisions based on short-term fluctuations. However, maintaining a long-term perspective is vital for success. Understand that markets go through cycles, and volatility is often temporary. Stick to your investment plan, avoid emotional reactions, and focus on the underlying fundamentals of your investments.

Consider risk management techniques

In addition to diversification, consider risk management techniques such as setting stop-loss orders, using trailing stops, or implementing hedging strategies. These tools can help protect against sudden market downturns and limit potential losses.

Remember, managing volatility is about accepting that it's a natural part of investing. By following these tips and maintaining a disciplined approach, you can navigate through volatile periods with more confidence, make informed decisions, and potentially seize opportunities that arise.

Volatility across different markets

Volatility is not limited to the financial world; it pervades various industries, each with its own unique dynamics. In the realm of finance, stock markets are particularly prone to volatility. Factors such as company earnings, economic indicators, and investor sentiment can drive rapid price fluctuations. Understanding these drivers and monitoring market trends can help investors adjust their strategies and make well-informed decisions to navigate through volatile stock markets.

Cryptocurrencies have gained significant attention due to their unprecedented volatility. The prices of cryptocurrencies can surge or plummet within a matter of hours or even minutes. Factors such as regulatory developments, technological advancements, and market speculation can trigger intense price swings. Individuals investing or trading in cryptocurrencies need to be prepared for this inherent volatility and develop strategies that account for the unique characteristics of this asset class.

Commodity markets, encompassing resources such as oil, gold, and agricultural products, also experience considerable volatility. Supply and demand dynamics, geopolitical factors, and natural disasters can all contribute to price fluctuations. Traders and businesses operating in these markets must stay attuned to global events and industry-specific factors to manage risks effectively and capitalize on potential opportunities arising from volatile commodity prices.

By recognizing the varying indications of volatility in different fields, investors, traders, and businesses can adapt their strategies and decision-making processes accordingly. This understanding allows for the development of sector-specific expertise and the implementation of risk management techniques tailored to the particular industry's volatility.

Always remember that navigating volatility in these specific fields requires vigilance, adaptability, and a deep understanding of the unique factors at play.

In conclusion

Volatility, in its simplest form, refers to the degree of variation or fluctuation in the price or value of an asset. It measures the speed and magnitude of price changes over a given period. It is an inherent aspect of financial markets, but it doesn't have to be a barrier to success. By comprehending the concept of volatility, understanding its measurement methods, and recognizing the factors that drive it, you can make informed choices. 

Empowered with this knowledge, you can navigate through uncertainty, capitalize on opportunities, and weather the storm when markets become turbulent. Remember, volatility is not negative, it's a dynamic force that, when harnessed wisely, can lead to rewarding outcomes.

Whether you’re a trader, investor, or just trying to get to grips with your finances, understanding your net worth is a crucial step toward gaining control over your financial health. Knowing what net worth entails and how to calculate it provides valuable insights that empower you to make informed choices and build a stronger financial future, and ideally, increase your monetary value.

In this article, we will explore the concept of net worth, discuss the factors that influence it, guide you through the calculation process, and provide practical examples to enhance your understanding.

Understanding net worth

Net worth is a comprehensive financial metric that reflects your financial standing. It represents the difference between your assets and liabilities, giving you a holistic view of your wealth. 

Unlike income, which represents your earnings over a specific period, net worth offers a long-term perspective by considering both what you own and what you owe. Understanding what net worth means allows you to evaluate your financial progress, set realistic goals, and make informed decisions about your financial well-being.

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Factors affecting your net worth

There are several factors that need to be considered when calculating your net worth:

Income

Your income plays a significant role in determining your net worth. It includes earnings from various sources such as salaries, investments, and side businesses. The higher your income, the more potential you have to accumulate wealth. 

However, it's important to remember that sustainable wealth is not solely dependent on income but also on effective management of expenses.

Assets

Assets are valuable resources that contribute to your net worth. They can include investments, savings, real estate properties, and personal possessions. By acquiring appreciating assets and diversifying your portfolio, you can increase your net worth over time. Understanding the value and potential growth of your assets is crucial for making informed financial decisions.

Liabilities and Debts

When liabilities exceed assets, on the other hand, this decreases your net worth. Liabilities and debt encompass mortgages, loans, credit card balances, and any outstanding payments. Minimising liabilities and managing debts effectively is vital for improving your net worth. 

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By reducing high-interest debts and maintaining a healthy debt-to-income ratio, you can positively impact your overall financial health. A healthy debt-to-income ratio is considered to be at or below 43%, meaning that you are spending at or less than 43% of your income on debt payments.

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How to calculate net worth

Whether your goal is to improve your net worth or aspire to be one of the high-net-worth individuals in your country, calculating your net worth is an integral step to achieving these. To calculate your net worth, you will need to:

• Write a list of all your assets and their estimated values.
• Summarise your liabilities, including outstanding debts and obligations.
• Subtract your total liabilities from your total assets to determine your net worth.

By regularly updating and monitoring your net worth statement, you can track your progress and identify areas for improvement.

Example of a positive net worth calculation

To illustrate what it looks like to calculate a positive average net worth, see this example below:

Step 1: Write a list of all your assets and their estimated values

​​Assets

Home: The current market value of Sarah's primary residence is $400,000.

Savings: Sarah has $50,000 in her savings account.

Investment portfolio: Sarah's investments, including stocks and bonds, are valued at $150,000.

Retirement account: Sarah has a 401(k) retirement account with a balance of $200,000.

Vehicle: Sarah owns a car, which is valued at $20,000.

Step 2: Summarise your liabilities, including outstanding debts and obligations

Liabilities

Mortgage: Sarah still owes $200,000 on her mortgage.

Student loan: Sarah has a remaining balance of $30,000 on her student loan.

Step 3: Subtract your total liabilities from your total assets to determine your net worth

Total Assets

$400,000 (Home) + $50,000 (Savings) + $150,000 (Investment Portfolio) + $20,000 (Vehicle) = $620,000

Total Liabilities

$200,000 (Mortgage) + $30,000 (Student Loan) = $230,000

Net Worth

Total Assets - Total Liabilities = $620,000 - $230,000 = $390,000

Based on these calculations, Sarah's net worth is $390,000. This positive average net worth indicates that her total assets exceed her total liabilities, representing her wealth and financial standing. It showcases her financial progress and the value of her accumulated assets.

Example of a negative net worth calculation

To illustrate what it looks like to calculate a negative net worth, see this example below:

Step 1: Write a list of all your assets and their estimated values

Assets

Car: Mark owns a car valued at $10,000.

Personal possessions: Mark has various personal possessions valued at approximately $5,000.

Step 2: Summarise your liabilities, including outstanding debts and obligations

Liabilities

Student loan: Mark has a student loan debt with an outstanding balance of $50,000.

Credit card debt: Mark has accumulated a card debt totaling $8,000.

Medical expenses: Mark has unpaid medical bills amounting to $3,000.

Step 3: Subtract your total liabilities from your total assets to determine your net worth

Total Assets

$10,000 (Car) + $5,000 (Personal Possessions) = $15,000

Total Liabilities

$50,000 (Student Loan) + $8,000 (Credit Card Debt) + $3,000 (Medical Expenses) = $61,000

Net Worth

Total Assets - Total Liabilities = $15,000 - $61,000 = -$46,000

This reveals that Mark's net worth is -$46,000, illustrating a negative value. This negative net worth indicates that Mark's total liabilities exceed the value of his assets, serving as a clear indicator that Mark's financial obligations outweigh his accumulated wealth. This sheds light on his ongoing financial challenges and the extent of his financial struggles. 
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6 reasons why it’s beneficial to grow your net worth

​​Financial security

Increasing your net worth provides a foundation of financial security. As your net worth grows, you have a greater buffer against unexpected expenses, job loss, or economic downturns. It offers a safety net to navigate through challenging times and helps you maintain stability in your financial life.

Achieving financial goals

A higher net worth enables you to achieve your financial goals and aspirations. Whether it's buying a home, starting a business, funding education, or retiring comfortably, a growing net worth provides the necessary resources and financial freedom to pursue your dreams.

Building wealth

Net worth is a measure of your wealth accumulation over time. By actively growing your net worth, you increase your overall wealth and improve your financial position. It allows you to build a stronger foundation for yourself and potentially leave a legacy for future generations.

Better financial opportunities

A higher net worth opens doors to better financial opportunities. It improves your borrowing capacity, allowing you to secure favourable loan terms and interest rates when needed. Additionally, a strong net worth can attract investment opportunities and partnerships that can further boost your wealth.

Flexibility and choices

Increasing your net worth provides you with more flexibility and choices in life. It affords you the freedom to make decisions based on what aligns with your long-term goals and values, rather than being constrained by financial limitations. A growing net worth expands your options and empowers you to take calculated risks or make life-changing decisions with confidence.

Peace of mind

Knowing that your net worth is growing can bring peace of mind. It reduces financial stress and anxiety, allowing you to focus on other aspects of your life. A positive net worth provides a sense of control over your financial well-being and offers peace of mind that you are on the right track towards a secure financial future.

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Tips for increasing your net worth

Building and growing your net worth requires proactive steps and strategic planning. Consider the following tips as a guideline for building your net worth in a sustainable way. 

Manage income and expenses

• Increase your earning potential through career development or additional income streams.
• Practise sensible spending habits and reduce unnecessary expenses.
• Allocate a portion of your income towards savings and investments.

Grow assets and investments

• Diversify your investment portfolio to mitigate risks and maximise returns.
• Seek professional advice to identify opportunities for growth in real estate, stocks, or other assets.
• Regularly review and adjust your investment strategy based on market conditions.

Reduce debts and liabilities

• Prioritise paying off high-interest debts to minimise interest charges.
• Consolidate debts and explore refinancing options to potentially lower interest rates.
• Develop a realistic debt repayment plan and stick to it.

Long-term financial planning considerations

• Establish an emergency fund to handle unexpected expenses.
• Plan for retirement by contributing to retirement accounts and exploring other retirement investment options.
• Consider contacting a financial advisor or planner for personalised guidance and expertise.

In conclusion

Understanding net worth is a fundamental step toward taking charge of your financial future. By comprehending the factors that influence net worth, calculating it accurately, and implementing practical strategies, you can enhance your financial health and build a more secure tomorrow. 

Empower yourself with knowledge, embrace proactive financial habits, and make informed choices that align with your long-term goals. Your net worth is not just a number but a tool that can transform your financial well-being.

Trading involves the process of buying and selling assets on financial markets, such as stocks, currencies, bonds, and commodities, as opposed to buying and holding which would fall into the investing category. Achieving success in this field requires a trader to consistently generate profits over longer periods. Below we break down more about trading. 

What is trading?

Trading is the practice of buying and selling financial instruments with the intention to make a profit. These instruments come in many forms, from stocks and bonds to cryptocurrencies, with each asset having its own unique value that can rise or fall at any given time. Trading revolves around capitalizing on the price fluctuations of financial markets to sell at a higher price.

These financial assets will trade within certain markets, for example, currencies are traded on the forex market while stock trading involves buying stock on the stock market. The stock market is made up of plenty of stock exchanges around the world, from the Hong Kong Stock Exchange to the New York Stock Exchange. There are over 17,000 financial assets that one can trade across various markets, which we'll touch on below. 

With soaring inflation rates across the globe, many have turned to investing as a means to more effectively reach their financial goals. 

How does trading work?

Trading involves entering a market by buying an asset. When the market prices increase, you can sell the asset for a profit, while if the market prices decline, you can either sell your asset and make a loss, or hold onto it until the market improves. 

Market prices are typically influenced by supply and demand. Demand will drive prices up as more people are looking to buy the asset and are willing to pay higher prices. When there are more sellers than buyers the demand decreases and the prices will go down. 

The two most popular options for trading involve buying and selling assets through an exchange or OTC (over the counter). OTC trading involves two parties (traders and brokers) agreeing on a price to buy and sell the asset.

An exchange on the other hand will determine the prices for you and sell them in a more structured sense. Some investors will use a brokerage account to manage their investments through an exchange. 

Whether you are trading stocks or dabbling in forex trading, the process of buying and selling remains consistent.

Types of assets one can trade

As mentioned above there are plenty of financial assets available to trade. Below we break down the most popular options, with a brief explanation of what they are.

Stock trading

Stock, also referred to as equity, is a share in a company that provides the holder with factual ownership in the company it represents. Trading stocks is a popular online trading option that involves the process of buying and selling stocks.

Forex

Forex stands for foreign exchange and involves the trade of two different fiat currencies. Currency trading is done in pairs, where buying one indicates that you expect it to increase. 

Bonds

A bond is a form of security in which the issuer (typically a company or government) owes money to the holder and has an obligation, according to its conditions, to repay both the interest as well as principal at the agreed-upon date.

ETFs

ETFs or exchange-traded funds are investment instruments that track the price of underlying assets. These are baskets of shares, bonds, or commodities, potentially lowering one's risk and exposure. 

Cryptocurrencies

Cryptocurrencies are digital assets that can be traded on exchanges or peer-to-peer marketplaces. Cryptocurrencies are decentralized meaning that they are not controlled by financial institutions or governments. They are known to have short-term price fluctuations.

Index Funds

Indices measure the performance of a group of stocks as opposed to trading individual stocks. Different indices track different groups of shares which can be categorized by location, industry, sector, or entire stock exchange. 

Commodities

Commodities are raw goods typically broken down into four categories: metal, energy, livestock and meat, and agricultural. These are traded on various markets, typically through futures contracts. A trader will generally not get involved with the physical purchasing of the goods.

Stock market vs forex market

Investing in stock trading and investing in the foreign exchange (forex) market are two distinct forms of trading. Both provide investors with profit opportunities, but there are key differences between the two markets.

The stock market is a collection of exchanges where publicly traded company stocks, bonds, and other securities are bought and sold. On the stock exchange, buyers and sellers come together to negotiate prices. The foreign currency market, or Forex trading, is an electronic over-the-counter financial trading market made up of banks, brokers, institutions, and individual traders. It trades in currency pairs, such as US Dollar/Euro or Japanese Yen/US Dollar.

Though both investing channels offer potential profit, there are differences between the two. Stock trading requires a large sum of capital to start trading, while Forex often requires much less. In addition, stock trading deals in smaller amounts than Forex trading and has higher commissions and fees associated with it.

The stock price is also subject to strong volatility and can change quickly. On the other hand, Forex trading is a 24-hour market and trades in large amounts with much less volatility.

It's important to understand the differences between the two markets before deciding which one is right for you. If you're looking for long-term investments that require less capital, then stocks may be the best choice. But if you're looking for a more liquid market with a higher profit potential, then Forex trading might be the better option.

4 different ways to trade

Trading isn't a "one size fits all" solution; there are various methods of trading the markets that you can adopt, with some being simpler than others. If you want to identify which approach is right for you, take some time to read these guides on the major types of trading and build trading strategies that make financial sense to you and your personal finance goals.

1. Day Trading

Those familiar with the stock market are likely acquainted with day trading, a term used to define active trading. Day traders buy and sell assets within one business day– hence its name – in an effort to capitalize on short-term fluctuations for profit. When stock trading no positions are held overnight. 

Day trading allows traders to immediately take advantage of market volatility, offering a fast-paced method of trading. The downside, however, is that it requires more time, knowledge, and attention and will likely incur more transaction fees for each trade executed.

2. Position Trading

For some, position trading is merely a buy-and-hold tactic and not considered active trading. Position traders rely upon long-term charts (from daily to monthly) in tandem with additional methods to recognize the market's current direction. This kind of endeavor usually lasts anywhere from several days up to weeks or even months depending on the trend's duration.

These traders aim to capitalize on the ups and downs of market fluctuation by seeking out successive higher or lower highs. Instead of attempting to accurately predict prices, they aim to identify which direction the trend is headed to ride it as an opportunity for growth. Thus, trend traders look at trends rather than levels when making their decisions.

Traders that follow current trends usually enter the market after it has been established and quickly exit when a trend breaks. During times of high volatility, this trading strategy can be difficult to execute properly.

To successfully engage in position trading, one will need a strong understanding of technical analysis as well as patience. 

3. Swing Trading

When the trend shifts, swing traders tend to jump into action. Often when one trend ends there is an inherent level of price movement as a new pattern starts to emerge. During this period, swing traders will take advantage and buy or sell depending on which direction they anticipate the market may go in next.

Typically these swings are held for longer than just a day but are still shorter-term compared with trend trading that can last weeks or even months at a time. Swing traders typically use technical analysis or fundamental calculations.

Swing-trading algorithms are created to determine when it is opportune for investors to purchase or sell an asset. Without needing to precisely predict the peak or fall of various price movements, swing trading aims to rather identify whether the market is moving either up or down.

Range bound or sideways markets can pose a great danger as they provide no potential gains for swing traders. Requiring less time and attention to day trading, swing trading has a higher potential for larger returns, as well as larger losses. 

4. Scalping

Active traders frequently use scalping as a speedy method to capitalize on bid-ask spreads that differ from the norm. These discrepancies arise due to temporary differences in supply and demand, enabling savvy investors to benefit from them swiftly.

Scalpers don't look for big profits from large price movements or execute high volumes of trades. Instead, they strive to benefit from small moves that happen frequently and at manageable trading amounts. As the level of gain per trade is limited, scalpers search for liquid markets so their transactions can be made more often.

In contrast with swing traders who favor volatile markets where there are quick shifts in values, scalpers lean towards quiet trading conditions that aren't susceptible to abrupt changes in prices.

Scalping does not require strong technical understanding and generally holds less risk due to using less volatile assets. This style of trading does however require high upfront capital and can be very time-consuming. 

Trading vs investing 

Trading and investing are two distinct strategies with different objectives. Trading involves buying low and selling high or selling high and then buying low, usually in a short to medium-term timeframe. This strategy allows traders to make money without taking ownership of the assets they buy or sell. 

On the other hand, investors take possession of their assets for an extended period so that they can benefit from their long-term growth potential, which may result in higher returns than trading activity does over time.

Investors can also receive dividends from trading shares if granted by the company as well as having shareholder voting rights. 

In conclusion

Trading is the buying and selling of financial instruments such as stocks, bonds, mutual funds, currencies, commodities, derivatives, and other assets in order to benefit from price movements. It involves analyzing markets and making decisions based on fundamental and technical analysis.

Public and private keys are integral to the use of cryptocurrencies. They not only allow people to send and receive cryptocurrencies but also to maintain the security and ownership of the funds. Private and public keys are generated when one creates a digital wallet.

What is a private key?

Every cryptocurrency wallet consists of a public key and a private key. Anyone can deposit cryptocurrency into a public address (public key), but no one except the owner of the corresponding private key can remove funds from that same account.

A private key, also known as a secret key, is a random string of numbers and/or letters used to protect one's cryptocurrency wallet and receive crypto transactions, similar to a pin code for a bank account. Private keys prove ownership of one's wallet address, protect it from unauthorized access and theft, and are used to sign transactions on the blockchain. 

Private keys are used in conjunction with an algorithm to encrypt or decrypt data. The holder of the private key should be the only one who knows it, as this secrecy is what gives the private key its power. The golden rule is to keep your private key safe.

Private key vs public key

Public and private keys are mathematically linked to each other and relevant to only one blockchain wallet. A public key can be compared to your traditional bank account while the private key is akin to the pin code to access this account. 

Users would share the public key with anyone looking to transfer funds to their crypto wallet, however, under no circumstances should your unique private key ever be shared with anyone. It is also strongly recommended that one stores their private key offline in a safe space, and not on a desktop or accessible location (in the event of a hack).

When one loses their private key, whether lost or maliciously taken, they will lose access to their crypto funds. Due to the decentralized nature of cryptocurrencies, there is no support line or central authority that can access that information.

This is where exchange wallets come in handy as the account is created using an identity that once verified can gain access to the funds. This is known as a custodial wallet where the platform holds the private keys for you and allows you to access the funds through a user-generated password. When it comes to storing private keys, this is the most convenient option, however, if you use an untrustworthy platform that increases your risks greatly. It is strongly recommended to enable two-factor authentication when using this option.

How do private keys work?

A public key is generated using complicated mathematics by your private key, ensuring they form a matched pair. These digital keys are created when one creates their crypto wallet on a particular blockchain. 

After being generated, a private key must be stored in a secure location, ideally offline. Furthermore, private keys can have an extra layer of security by being password-protected, encrypted or hashed, ideally all three.

The owner of the public key will use the private key to encrypt the digital signature when making a transaction. 

A transaction is encrypted using a public key and can only be decrypted by using the matching private key. Therefore, when someone sends a transaction they will need their private key to decrypt and prove they own the funds being used in this transaction. 

The private key is used to sign the transaction, which verifies that the transaction hasn't been modified. A digital signature is created when someone combines their private key with the data that's being sent as part of a transaction. 

Once the transaction has been executed the nodes on the network will check and authenticate the details of the transaction and if any information is incorrect the transaction will be rejected. Once executed transactions cannot be reversed. 

Where should you store your private key?

Your private keys are essentially your passwords, so it's of utmost importance that you keep them safe.  Your best bet is to store them offline somewhere safe. This might mean written on a piece of paper, stored on an offline device, or kept in a password manager.  As mentioned above, public keys can be stored anywhere and shared with anyone.

To avoid the hassle and stress of ensuring the safety of your private keys at all times, you can use a hot wallet supplied through a reputable exchange. If you choose to take this route ensure that the crypto platform is regulated and adheres to stringent security measures. The Tap app ticks these regulatory boxes and ensures that customers have full access to their funds at all times, without the risk of losing them if they lose their private keys. 

In conclusion

Private keys are digital passwords used to establish one's ownership in a crypto wallet and are created in conjunction with the public key of the same wallet. One should never share their private keys with anyone. 

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Since the debut of Bitcoin in 2009, central banks have been living in fear of the disruptive technology that is cryptocurrency. Distributed ledger technology has revolutionized the digital world and has continued to challenge the corruption of central bank morals. 

Financial institutions can’t beat or control cryptocurrency, so they are joining them in creating digital currencies. Governments have now been embracing digital currencies in the form of CBDCs, otherwise known as central bank digital currencies. 

Central bank digital currencies are digital tokens, similar to cryptocurrency, issued by a central bank. They are pegged to the value of that country's fiat currency, acting as a digital currency version of the national currency. CBDCs are created and regulated by a country's central bank and monetary authorities.

A central bank digital currency is generally created for a sense of financial inclusion and to improve the application of monetary and fiscal policy. Central banks adopting currency in digital form presents great benefits for the federal reserve system as well as citizens, but there are some cons lurking behind the central bank digital currency facade.

Types of central bank digital currencies

While the concept of a central bank digital currency is quite easy to understand, there are layers to central bank money in its digital form. Before we take a deep dive into the possibilities presented by the central banks and their digital money, we will break down the different types of central bank digital currencies. 

Wholesale CBDCs

Wholesale central bank digital currencies are targeted at financial institutions, whereby reserve balances are held within a central bank. This integration assists the financial system and institutions in improving payment systems and security payment efficiency. 

This is much simpler than rolling out a central bank digital currency to the whole country but provides support for large businesses when they want to transfer money. These digital payments would also act as a digital ledger and aid in the avoidance of money laundering.

Retail CBDCs

A retail central bank digital currency refers to government-backed digital assets used between businesses and customers. This type of central bank digital currency is aimed at traditional currency, acting as a digital version of physical currency. These digital assets would allow retail payment systems, direct P2P CBDC transactions, as well as international settlements among businesses. It would be similar to having a bank account, where you could digitally transfer money through commercial banks, except the currency would be in the form of a digital yuan or euro, rather than the federal reserve of currency held by central banks.

Pros and cons of a central bank digital currency (CBDC)

Central banks are looking for ways to keep their money in the country, as opposed to it being spent on buying cryptocurrencies, thus losing it to a global market. As digital currencies become more popular, each central bank must decide whether they want to fight it or profit from the potential. Regardless of adoption, central banks creating their own digital currencies comes with benefits and disadvantages to users that you need to know. 

Pros of central bank digital currency (CBDC)

• Cross border payments
• Track money laundering activity 
• Secure international monetary fund
• Reduces risk of commercial bank collapse 
• Cheaper
• More secure
• Promotes financial inclusion

Cons of central bank digital currency (CDBC)

• Central banks have complete control
• No anonymity of digital currency transfers
• Cybersecurity issues 
• Price reliant on fiat currency equivalent 
• Physical money may be eliminated 
• Ban of distributed ledger technology and cryptocurrency

Central bank digital currency conclusion

Central bank money in an electronic form has been a big debate in the blockchain technology space, with so many countries considering the possibility. The European Central Bank, as well as other central banks, have been considering the possibility of central bank digital currencies as a means of improving the financial system. The Chinese government is in the midst of testing out their e-CNY, which some are calling the digital yuan. They have seen great success so far, but only after completely banning Bitcoin trading.

There is a lot of good that can come from CBDCs, but the benefits are mostly for the federal reserve system and central banks. Bank-account holders and citizens may have their privacy compromised and their investment options limited if the world adopts CBDCs.

It's important to remember that central bank digital currencies are not cryptocurrencies. They do not compete with cryptocurrencies and the benefits of blockchain technology. Their limited use cases can only be applied when reinforced by a financial system authority. Only time will tell if CBDCs will succeed, but right now you can appreciate the advantages brought to you by crypto.

Bitcoin has become a worldwide phenomenon due partly to its incredible innovation in terms of technology and cross-border payments, but also because of its unbelievable market performance over the last decade.

The original cryptocurrency was even voted the top performing asset of the past decade, and there is no denying why. So, how does it all work? Today we’re uncovering everything you need to know about the inner workings of the most powerful cryptocurrency.

Bitcoin 101

Before we dive into how Bitcoin works, let’s cover the basics. Bitcoin is a peer-to-peer electronic payment system that was launched in 2009 by Bitcoin's creator, Satoshi Nakamoto, an anonymous entity that remains a mystery to this day. The Bitcoin blockchain ignited blockchain technology, propelling it into the 21st century and allowing anyone connected to the internet to embrace the new age of technology.

Bitcoin was designed as a response to the global financial crisis and set to be a decentralized payment system that was exempt from banking institutions’ central authority and errors. Over the past decade, the cryptocurrency has increased in value, hitting $20,000 for the first time in 2017, again in December 2020, before soaring to highs of $68,789.63 in November 2021.

The Bitcoin blockchain network has also paved the way for many other virtual currencies, of which there are currently over 20,000. The industry has grown into a sizable $1 trillion market (valued at one stage at over $3 trillion), most of which has Bitcoin to thank. Bitcoin currently dominates the market with a 40% share and has created a name for itself in the mainstream as more and more businesses decide to accept Bitcoin.

How exactly does Bitcoin work?

Now that we’ve covered the basics, let’s get into the nitty-gritty. As previously mentioned, Bitcoin is a peer-to-peer digital currency that does not rely on any third-party financial institutions, banks or governments. Instead, the network and all Bitcoin transactions are operated by a network of nodes (computers) and miners. Users store Bitcoin in a digital wallet.

In simple terms, miners are responsible for verifying transactions while nodes keep records of all the transactions on the Bitcoin network. All transactions are added to the blockchain, which is a public ledger of all activity on the Bitcoin network. This is a simple look at how Bitcoin mining works.

Looking more deeply into this, let’s say one person in Belgium is sending Bitcoin to someone in England. The Belgium person will enter the Bitcoin address (also known as a wallet address) of the recipient and indicate how much they would like to send. The Bitcoin wallet through which it is being sent will calculate the transaction fees, the Belgium person will confirm (also checking they are happy with Bitcoin's price), and the Bitcoin transaction will enter a “mempool” of new transactions.

From here, Bitcoin miners will fight to solve a complex mathematical puzzle and the first one to do so correctly will be allowed mine the next block and verify all pending Bitcoin transactions (the process of Bitcoin mining). The miner will then verify that all senders of the transactions have sufficient balances, and the transactions will be executed.

The miner will then add the new block to the blockchain, and it will be circulated amongst the network. Once all the nodes approve, they will all update their blockchain records with the new block.

The person in England will then get a notification to say that they have received the Bitcoin transaction, and will most likely require 3 confirmations before being able to access the funds (some digital wallets and merchants require 6 confirmations). Confirmations are represented by new blocks added to the blockchain following the block with that specific transaction. Blocks take 10 - 40 minutes to be created due to the Bitcoin mining process.

While this is how Bitcoin transactions take place, other cryptocurrency transactions might vary slightly.

Where do new Bitcoins come from?

Satoshi Nakamoto designed the cryptocurrency to be deflationary in nature, intending the price to increase over time as opposed to decreasing like fiat currencies, offering not only a reliable payment method, but also an investment opportunity. Bitcoin has a fixed supply of 21 million coins, with a certain number being released each year.

Initially, the mining reward for mining a block on the Bitcoin blockchain was 50 BTC, but after every 210,000 blocks (roughly 4 years) the reward halves. In May 2020, the third halving took place, driving the block rewards down to 6.25 BTC per block. This equates to roughly $230,000 at the time of writing.

So where do new Bitcoins come from? Each time a miner verifies a bundle of transactions, the miner will receive each transaction’s network fee and once they have mined enough transactions to complete a 1MB block and add it to the blockchain, they will receive the mining reward too. 

Once the 21 millionth coin has been mined no new coins will ever enter circulation. 

Ready to enter the wonderful world of Bitcoin?

Now that you understand more about the original cryptocurrency and how Bitcoin works, are you ready to enter the market? For easy onboarding, Tap provides a secure platform from where anyone can buy and sell Bitcoin and a number of other cryptocurrencies. Secure, easy to use, and conveniently accessible through a mobile app, Tap is both beginner friendly and perfect for seasoned traders.

So, you're in your thirties and starting from square one when it comes to your finances. Don't worry, you're not alone, and the good news is that it's never too late to take control and set yourself up for financial success. Congratulations on taking the first step.

In this article, we're going to walk you through a step-by-step guide of practical tips and empower you to make informed decisions as you navigate your financial journey with enthusiasm. It’s not rocket science, we promise. 

Step 1: Assess your current financial situation

Getting a grip on where you currently stand financially is the first step toward building a solid foundation for your wealth. Let's take a closer look at how to assess your situation and define your goals, without breaking a sweat or drowning in crippling anxiety.

Take a close look at your income, expenses, and debts, writing them down or putting them in a spreadsheet. Identify areas where you can make adjustments to free up funds to save money or invest, and then set some clear goals, both short-term and long-term. Want to buy a house in 5 years, or take a trip to visit your friend in Hong Kong? Jot them down, goals are motivating.

Step 2: Build a strong foundation

Armed with a realistic picture of what your finances look like, work your way through the following three steps to start establishing a strong financial foundation. 

• Create a budget and track expenses

The boring news is that establishing a budget is essential to gain control over your finances. No, we're not here to tell you to cut out all the things you enjoy. Creating a budget is about understanding your money flow and finding ways to save without sacrificing your happiness. Learn what your living expenses really are, and how much the interest rates hikes have affected you. It's about taking control of your money, rather than letting your money control you.

If spreadsheets seem daunting, use budgeting tools and apps to simplify the process and stay on top of your spending.

• Work on saving money effectively

No matter how you look at it, saving money is the cornerstone of building wealth. But saving money doesn't have to be a painful experience, it's all about being smart and resourceful.

A good starting point is to set aside a percentage of your income each month for emergencies and future investments. Automate your savings to ensure consistency and consider opening a high-yield savings account to maximize your returns. Look at opportunities available to you to get "free money" (reward points, employer compensations, etc).

A good starting point is to open that savings account and check out our simplified guide on building an emergency fund.

• Manage debt and improve your credit score

Debt can be overwhelming, but we're here to help you tackle it with confidence. Make a list of all your outstanding debts and approach it strategically by prioritizing the high-interest ones. From student loan debt to credit card debt, don't let these weigh you down forever, rather make a plan today that your future self will thank you for.

At the same time, work on improving your credit score by paying bills on time and not opening new credit accounts. Grab the reigns, you’re in control of your financial future.

Step 3: Explore generating additional income

Unsurprisingly, earning more money will equate to more wealth (we told you it’s not rocket science). As all-nighters are replaced with embarrassingly-sensible bedtimes, now is as good a time as any to pick up a small side hustle and generate income. It doesn’t need to earn you millions, the idea is to generate a little bit extra to accelerate your journey toward financial freedom.

• Explore side hustles and part-time opportunities

Who says you can't have fun and make money at the same time? Here are some side hustle ideas and part-time opportunities that might align with your interests. It’s time to turn your passions into profit and allow a new income stream to make your savings account a little plumper.

• Leverage your skills and talents for freelance work

You've got unique talents, and it's time to put them to work. Platforms like Upwork and Fiverr are great ways to gain exposure and find work that allows you to tap into your skills and find freelance opportunities that not only bring in more money but also allow you to showcase your awesomeness. Embrace entrepreneurship and transform your skills into a profitable venture.

• Invest in personal growth for career advancement

Investing in yourself is one of the best investments you can make. Invest in your personal and professional development to boost your earning potential and open doors to exciting career advancements. 

Acquire new skills, pursue certifications, or enroll in relevant courses. Continuous learning not only amplifies your marketability but also positions you for better career prospects and greater earning power. It's time to level up.

Step 4: Investing for the future

Don’t be overwhelmed by the word “invest”. Let’s go through this together, one small step at a time. Consider this the start of your golden investment era. 

• Understand the basics of investing

Investing doesn't have to be complicated jargon that leaves you breaking out in a sweat. Start small and familiarize yourself with the basics of investing. Learn about stocks, bonds, mutual funds, and real estate, and educate yourself on the concept of risk and reward. If in doubt, contact a financial adviser to get you started.

• Identify suitable investment options for beginners

You don't need to be a Wall Street expert to start investing, or need to know what real estate investment trusts are for that matter (yet). Consider beginner-friendly investment options that are easy to understand and offer steady growth, like low-cost index funds or exchange-traded funds (ETFs).

A word from the wise: stay away from get-rich-quick schemes and get started investing in assets aligned with your risk tolerance and long-term goals. Get ready to dip your toes into the investment pool.

• Diversification and risk management strategies

To minimize risk, spread your investments across different asset classes. Diversification is like having a cool umbrella that shields your portfolio from those crazy market storms. Don't forget to give your investments some love and attention from time to time. Review your strategy, do a little rebalancing dance if needed, and stay in the know about economic trends that could sway your investments.

Step 5: Overcome financial challenges

Don’t get caught off guard, navigate financial hurdles and stretch your money like a pro while still staying motivated on your wealth-building journey. Yes, it’s possible. 

• Dealing with limited funds and unexpected expenses

Starting from scratch often means facing financial limitations. And we get it, life happens, and unexpected expenses can throw us off track. But fear not! The key step in learning how to stretch your money and navigate financial hurdles with confidence is to build an emergency fund to soften the blow when hard times hit.

The unfortunate truth is that you’re also going to have to learn how to prioritize needs over wants to make the most of your resources.

• Set realistic expectations and stay motivated

Building wealth takes time and patience. Be sure to set realistic goals and celebrate the small victories along the way. Stay motivated by envisioning the life you want to lead and remind yourself of the long-term benefits of your small efforts today. 

• Seek professional advice and support

Hey, we're here to guide you, but we're not financial advisors. That's why it's essential to seek professional advice when needed. A qualified financial advisor can provide you with personalized advice and help you navigate complex financial decisions, offer investment strategies tailored to your goals, and ensure you're on the right track.

Step 6: Long-term wealth building

Rome wasn't built in a day, and neither will your financial wealth. 

• Set long-term financial goals

Picture your dream life and let's make it a reality. Define your long-term financial goals, like buying a house, planning for a comfortable retirement, or starting a business, and break them down into achievable milestones. Then develop a roadmap to reach them. As you hit the milestones and manage the ebb and flow of life, be sure to regularly review and adjust your goals along the way.

• Retirement planning and saving strategies

Retirement might seem far away, but it's never too early to start preparing for it. Take advantage of compound interest and explore strategies for retirement savings that make sense for your current situation, like a retirement account or participating in employer-sponsored retirement plans (particularly ones that offer tax relief).

Be sure to maximize contributions to these accounts whenever possible and look into tax-efficient investment funds. Let's ensure your golden years are as golden as can be.

• Reviewing and adjusting your financial plan periodically

Flexibility is key to your financial journey. Regularly review your budget, investment account, and progress as you move confidently toward your goals. Make necessary adjustments to your investment strategy to stay on track and seize new opportunities that align with your evolving financial situation. Life changes, and so should your financial plan. Keep it adaptable and exciting.

Final thought

Starting from €0 in your thirties may seem challenging, but with the right mindset, knowledge, and practical steps, you can embark on a fulfilling financial journey. By budgeting effectively, saving diligently, generating additional income, investing wisely, and overcoming obstacles, you can build a solid foundation for long-term wealth and financial security. 

While it's no walk in the park, it’s not rocket science. Empower yourself with the tools and resources available, and remember that every step you take today brings you closer to a brighter financial future and fuller savings account.

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Are you ready to embrace the future of cashless payments? As Europeans increasingly rely on digital payment methods, the European Union is exploring implementing a safe and effective transition. Enter the digital euro, a potential game-changer in the world of virtual money. 

In this article, we'll dive into what the digital euro is all about and how it works. Get ready to discover how this innovative currency could streamline transactions, reduce costs, and empower individuals and businesses throughout the Eurozone. It's high time we unlock the possibilities of the digital euro and embrace the convenience of a cashless future.

What is the digital euro?

The digital euro, at its core, is a virtual currency designed for the Eurozone. It operates entirely digitally, making transactions fast, secure, and innovative. As a digital currency, it exists in electronic form, with no physical counterpart like traditional banknotes or coins. 

The European Central Bank (ECB) plays a crucial role in issuing and managing the digital euro, ensuring its legal value and guaranteeing its acceptance alongside physical cash. With the ECB's oversight, the digital euro aims to provide a seamless and convenient payment method for businesses and individuals alike, revolutionising the way we handle money in the digital age.

Is the digital euro a cryptocurrency?

No, the digital euro is not considered a cryptocurrency. While both the digital euro and cryptocurrencies are virtual assets, there are key differences between them. 

Cryptocurrencies, like Bitcoin, are typically decentralised and operate independently of central banks or public authorities. They are often issued by private individuals and allow for peer-to-peer transactions without the need for intermediaries like central banks. 

In contrast, the digital euro will be issued and regulated by the European Central Bank (ECB), making it a central bank digital currency (CBDC). The digital euro will operate on a centralised system and will be managed and regulated using blockchain technology operated by the central bank.

Why do we need a digital euro?

The digital euro has several key objectives aimed at transforming the financial landscape. Firstly, it seeks to enhance financial integration within the Eurozone by providing a common and easily accessible digital payment solution for all member countries.

Secondly, the digital euro aims to bolster security, offering a safe and trusted digital currency that can mitigate risks associated with traditional payment methods. For users, the digital euro promises convenience by enabling fast and seamless transactions, eliminating the need for physical currency. 

Additionally, it has the potential to be cost-effective, reducing transaction fees and providing efficient payment options for both businesses and individuals. The digital euro also allows anyone to use the currency without creating a bank account associated with the central bank.

How will the digital euro work?

The virtual currency operates on an innovative framework, known as blockchain technology, revolutionising the way we transact. To use the digital euro, individuals and businesses will need to create a digital wallet, similar to those used for cryptocurrencies.

However, unlike cryptocurrencies, the digital euro will be issued and regulated by the European Central Bank (ECB), ensuring its stability and legal value. Despite it being a digital currency, it is still regarded as central bank money as it is operated by the central bank. Users won't require a traditional bank account, as the digital euro can be deposited directly at the European Central Bank. This empowers individuals to engage in peer-to-peer transactions without relying on commercial banks as intermediaries. 

With blockchain technology as its backbone, the digital euro ensures secure, traceable, and efficient transactions, making it a cutting-edge payment method for the modern era while remaining central bank money.

Advantages of implementing the digital euro

The modern payment tool is designed to empower all private citizens and businesses in the Eurozone. Once approved, the digital euro will revolutionise transactions with its simplicity and immediacy. Here's what it brings:

Streamlined processes

The digitization of payments will make purchases and money transactions simpler and faster.

Cost savings

The digital euro significantly reduces costs associated with payment systems, putting more money back in your pocket.

Environmental benefits

By embracing the digital euro project, we contribute to a drastic reduction in the ecological footprint associated with monetary and payment systems within the financial sector.

Instant support

In times of need, governments can swiftly provide economic aid to citizens, thanks to the digital euro.

Anti-money laundering

With transaction registration, we can effectively combat money laundering and tax evasion.

Financial inclusion

The digital euro ensures everyone, even those without a bank account, can enjoy the simplicity and security of digital payments within the financial system.

Risks associated with the digital euro

While the digital euro brings numerous benefits, it's important to be aware of potential risks. Here are a few considerations:

Privacy

The digital euro complements physical cash, known for its anonymity. While it aids in anti-money laundering, tracking payments could limit citizen privacy to some extent.

Impact on banks

As the digital euro gains popularity, deposits in credit institutions may decrease, potentially affecting loan availability. Credit institutions and payment intermediaries, and even national central banks, may need to revise their business models to adapt to the digital euro ecosystem and safeguard financial stability within the greater financial system.

Traditional euro vs the digital euro

When comparing the digital euro to traditional currency, there are both similarities and differences to consider. In terms of similarities, both the digital euro and physical currency share the fundamental purpose of facilitating transactions and serving as a medium of exchange. While the digital euro operates in the digital realm, central banks physical banknotes and coins continue to play a significant role in everyday transactions alongside the digital euro. It's important to note that both are central bank money.

However, key differences set the digital euro apart. The digital euro offers advantages such as faster transactions, as it eliminates the need for physical exchange and reduces processing times. 

Additionally, the digital euro promotes financial inclusion by enabling individuals without a bank account to participate in the digital economy, expanding access to secure and convenient payment methods. The digital euro is not designed to replace the traditional currency, but rather coexist alongside it.

It is, however, poised to shape the future of currency.

The current landscape of CBDCs

While the digital euro is expected to take 5 years to implement, other countries around the world are also in the running to release a central bank digital currency of their own. In fact, approximately 50 central banks around the world are actively researching or experimenting with central bank digital currencies, confirming that the race to embrace digital currencies and central bank money is on. 

The Bahamas lead the pack with their Sand Dollar, a digital version of the Bahamian dollar launched in October 2020. The dollar offers users free mobile transactions and a safer option than carrying cash. Other noteworthy initiatives include China with the digital renminbi (e-CNY) already in testing and Sweden’s e-krona, and now, the digital euro project.

This thriving landscape in the financial system signifies the growing acceptance of digital currencies by central banks. As financial inclusion, individual financial stability, streamlined payment systems, and the emergence of private cryptocurrencies take centre stage, the exploration of CBDCs empowers nations and central banks to shape the future of money and unlock new possibilities for a digitally empowered society.

Final thoughts

In conclusion, the digital euro represents a transformative leap toward a cashless future. With its aim of enhancing financial integration, strengthening security, and providing convenient payment options, the digital euro has the potential to revolutionise the way we handle money in the Eurozone. 

Operating on blockchain technology and regulated by the European Central Bank, the digital euro offers fast, secure, and efficient transactions, empowering individuals and businesses alike. While the digital euro coexists with physical currency, its advantages, such as faster transactions and increased financial inclusion, make it a promising addition to the financial landscape.

As countries worldwide explore the potential of central bank digital currencies, including the Sand Dollar, the future of digital currencies appears bright, heralding a new era of financial empowerment. Keep an eye out for the digital euro in months to come.

Understanding what fiat on-ramps and off-ramps are will play a pivotal role for those looking to incorporate cryptocurrencies into their day-to-day lives. These “ramps” ensure a seamless experience integrating the use of both fiat currencies and cryptocurrencies. In this article, we explore the difference between the two and why they play such an important role in cryptocurrencies going mainstream, as well as the greater crypto ecosystem.

What is a fiat on-ramp?

Fiat on-ramps serve as important gateways that make it possible to convert traditional fiat currency (e.g. Euros or US dollars) into cryptocurrencies (e.g. Bitcoin or Ethereum). They act as bridges, connecting the world of fiat money with the exciting world of digital assets. 

Through exchanges, brokerage services, and peer-to-peer platforms, these on-ramps provide convenient and accessible ways for individuals to enter the world of crypto. When using a fiat on-ramp, it's crucial to keep a few key considerations in mind. You'll want to ensure the security of your transactions, be aware of any fees involved, and fulfil any necessary verification requirements. 

A fiat on-ramp can also be referred to as a fiat gateway or a crypto on-ramp.

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The advantages of fiat on-ramps

Fiat on-ramps come with a range of benefits that make them a great choice for those entering the crypto world. One major advantage is the ease that an on-ramp can offer newcomers, providing a simple way to dive into the crypto market without needing extensive technical knowledge. 

Additionally, an on-ramp typically opens up a wide array of cryptocurrencies to explore, expanding investment opportunities.

The disadvantages of fiat on-ramps

However, it's essential to be aware of the potential challenges and risks involved. Things like regulatory compliance and the risk of encountering fraudulent platforms or scams can pose concerns. To stay safe, it's important to do thorough research, read user reviews, and choose a reputable fiat on-ramp with strong security measures and regulatory compliance. 

What is a fiat off-ramp?

Fiat off-ramps play an equally vital role as on-ramps in the world of cryptocurrencies by providing a way to convert digital assets back into fiat currency. Essentially, they serve as exit points from the crypto market, allowing users to cash out their investments and sell crypto.

Through crypto exchanges, peer-to-peer platforms, and even cryptocurrency debit cards, fiat off-ramps facilitate the seamless conversion of cryptocurrencies into fiat money. However, it's important to consider a few key factors when using an off-ramp. 

Factors such as withdrawal limits, fees, which fiat currencies are supported and tax implications can impact the overall experience. Being mindful of these considerations ensures a smooth transition from the crypto world back to fiat currency while optimizing returns.

Fiat off-ramps can also be referred to as fiat gateways or crypto off-ramps and refer to the same off-ramp solution.

The advantages of fiat off-ramps

Fiat off-ramps offer several benefits that make them valuable for cryptocurrency users. One key benefit is the liquidity they offer, providing a way to convert digital assets into fiat currency whenever needed. This accessibility provided by a fiat off-ramp allows users to access their digital currency funds easily and use them in the real world. 

Another advantage of an off-ramp is the ability to realize profits from cryptocurrency investments quickly, turning virtual gains into tangible returns. However, it's important to be aware of potential challenges and risks. 

The disadvantages of fiat off-ramps

Several considerations to take when looking at using an off-ramp center around transaction fees and regulatory concerns. Note that transaction fees can eat into profits, and regulatory considerations may affect the ease of converting cryptocurrencies into fiat currency. To navigate these challenges, it's wise to choose a reliable fiat off-ramp by conducting thorough research, reading user reviews, and ensuring they comply with regulations. By doing so, individuals can make the most of fiat off-ramps while effectively managing associated risks.

The connection between fiat on-ramps and off-ramps

Fiat on-ramps and off-ramps are tightly interconnected within the cryptocurrency ecosystem, forming a crucial link in the cycle of converting between fiat currencies and digital currencies. The availability and efficiency of an on-ramp and off-ramp significantly influence the overall liquidity and adoption of cryptocurrencies. 

Seamless on-ramps enable easy entry into the crypto market, attracting more users and boosting liquidity. Likewise, efficient off-ramps allow investors to convert their digital assets back to fiat money, providing the necessary flexibility and enhancing the adoption of cryptocurrencies in everyday transactions. 

Reputable platforms like Tap exemplify this connection, offering both on-ramp and off-ramp functionalities to facilitate smooth conversions and foster a thriving crypto ecosystem. With a wide range of supported cryptocurrencies and fiat currencies, the platform caters to users around the world looking for a seamless ramp solution.

In conclusion

We've explored what a fiat on-ramp and off-ramp are, and the crucial role that they play in the world of crypto assets. We discussed the key points, including how an on-ramp facilitates easy entry into the crypto market and an off-ramp allows crypto users to convert digital assets back into fiat currency.

It's essential for cryptocurrency users and investors to understand these concepts as they provide liquidity, investment opportunities, and the ability to realize profits (in fiat currency). Looking ahead, the future of fiat on-ramps and off-ramps appears promising. As the cryptocurrency landscape continues to evolve, we can anticipate exciting advancements in these gateways, making crypto assets more accessible and further driving their adoption into mainstream use.

Becoming a homeowner no matter what your income level is an achievable goal with the right amount of planning. Below are a few ideas we've put together for you to think about and implement if you're ready to start taking the steps to make your dream a reality. When it comes to learning how to save money for a house, these steps will make it seem a lot less daunting than one might initially imagine.

Financial steps to take when looking to save for a house

1. Create a realistic timeline

While different people have different timelines, it's important to set a realistic one for yourself when you're planning to buy a house. This way, you can budget and plan accordingly. For example, newlyweds are usually in more of a hurry to buy a home than someone who just graduated or started a new job. One person might be looking at 2 years while the other is okay with 5 years. There is no "right amount of time" to save money for a house, consider your individual circumstances and act accordingly.

2. Kickstart your savings

After establishing your realistic timeline, you can then determine how much you will need to save. While the goal is to put as much money as you can aside, this might be 20% - 30% of your monthly income, so be sure that this is realistic for you and adjust the timeline accordingly. 

Once you've established how much you will be putting aside each month for your goal, set up a direct debit to your savings account to ensure that that money leaves your account before you're tempted to spend it.

You can also explore the option of a savings account that offers the potential to earn interest over time. People often consider money market accounts or high-yield savings accounts. However it's important to conduct comprehensive research and base your decisions on the information you gather.

3. Don’t neglect other financial obligations

In this day and age, instant gratification is something we've grown accustomed to. Saving for a house is the opposite of this and will take time. Instead of cutting off all your expenses to try and reach your goal a year or two sooner, consider what financial obligations you might have over the next few years and be realistic in setting a healthy amount of time to get there. 

4. Ensure your goal is within your means

Becoming a homeowner is an impressive accomplishment, but being riddled with debt and high maintenance costs for decades is hardly enjoyable. Ensure that the house you want to buy is within your means to maintain after the purchase, and consider additional costs like rates and taxes, transfer fees, and consider the associated monthly payment.

5. Make the necessary budget cuts

In order to achieve your saving goals within the amount of time you set out, you will inevitably need to cut back on your expenses. Once your living expenses and bills are accounted for, what can you afford to put away each month? Are you paying for a subscription you no longer use or have a luxury item you can cut back on? It might seem like a little each month but in a year this can amount to a lot of money for your housing fund. 

6. Consider increasing your income streams

Another great way to get your homeowner dream to fruition faster is to create new avenues of income. Multiple streams of income can alleviate your cutting back on expenses and can help your savings tenfold. Consider creating online courses, writing blogs, or building a side hustle aligned with one of your skill sets. Every little bit helps. 

Homeowners checklist: consider the closing costs

Once you have reached your financial goal of saving money for a house or your down payment fund, you'll now be faced with a new set of challenges: actually buying the house and putting that down payment to work.

At this stage, it's important to contact professionals that can assist you in finding, vetting, and deciding on a worthy property for your years of savings, and who can accurately advise on the closing costs of the transaction. Remember that there are lawyers' fees and transaction costs and even private mortgage insurance monthly payments to consider on top of the home's purchase price.

Whether you rely on an experienced real estate agent or a building surveyor, ensure that they are someone you can trust and that you get answers to the questions you ask. Some helpful questions to start with include:

• Is the land government approved?
• Why are the owners selling?
• Are all the house papers/documents intact?
• Is the area prone to natural disasters like floods or fires? 
• What are the costs of utilities, etc? 

Putting your down payment savings to work

Learning how to save money for a house is the first step. When you're ready to take the next step and purchase a house, be patient and ask the right questions. Saving for a house is saving for your future, so don't try to hurry the process along too much.

Whether you'll be living in the house or using it as an investment property with tenants, understand that the journey is as important as the end goal, and have patience as you pursue your dream and get steps closer to making that first down payment.

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Money talks, wealth whispers. In the age of flashy displays of wealth and conspicuous consumption, a new trend has emerged that challenges our conventional notions of showcasing financial success. Stealth wealth, as it is commonly referred to, goes beyond the idea of being frugal and understated. It involves consciously avoiding overt displays of money while still enjoying the benefits of financial prosperity. 

In this article, we'll explore what stealth wealth is, how it manifests itself, and why it has become a growing phenomenon. The idea of stealth wealth can assist you in saving more money, making smarter investments, and cutting down on spending.

What is stealth wealth?

Stealth wealth is essentially the art of living a life of financial prosperity without drawing too much attention to it. It's about keeping a low profile even if you have the means to indulge in extravagant displays of wealth. Picture someone who drives a modest car, lives in a modest house, and dresses in an unassuming manner, despite being financially well-off. It's a deliberate choice to prioritize financial security and freedom over materialistic shows of opulence.

What does stealth wealth look like?

A person practicing stealth wealth focuses on essentials rather than indulging in conspicuous luxury. They lead a simple lifestyle and prioritize experiences and personal growth over material possessions

Stealth wealth enthusiasts carefully manage their finances, prioritizing long-term financial goals such as retirement savings, investments, and building wealth rather than spending lavishly on temporary gratification.

They might enjoy certain luxuries but do so in a discreet manner. For example, they may splurge on a nice vacation, but won't go out of their way to flaunt it on social media or discuss it in conversations.

Instead of trying to impress others with material possessions, stealth wealth embraces the importance of genuine relationships and connections. They focus on building meaningful connections, fostering friendships, and helping others in unique ways.

Why is stealth wealth an up-and-coming trend?

More and more people are recognizing the importance of financial independence. By adopting a stealth wealth lifestyle, individuals can accumulate wealth without the pressure to maintain an extravagant lifestyle, allowing them to have greater control over their financial future.

The rise of social media and the desire for privacy have made people rethink their approach to displaying wealth. Stealth wealth allows individuals to keep a lower profile, avoiding unnecessary attention and potentially increasing security.

As society becomes more conscious of overconsumption, and materialism, many individuals are reevaluating their own values and priorities. Stealth wealth aligns with the desire for a simpler and less materialistic approach to life.

Traditional markers of success, such as fancy cars or designer clothing, are being questioned. People are starting to realize that true success lies in financial security, personal fulfillment, and the ability to live life on one's own terms.

In conclusion

Stealth wealth is a rising trend that challenges our societal norms of displaying wealth. It's about finding a balance between financial prosperity and leading a modest, understated lifestyle. By prioritizing financial independence, privacy, and personal values, individuals embracing stealth wealth are redefining what it means to be successful. 

So, if you find yourself drawn to the idea of a more discreet and restrained approach to wealth, consider joining the ranks of the stealthy and prosperous.

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Did you know that there are 6 unique money personalities, with each one playing a heavy role in your ability to handle and manage money? In this article we’re taking a look at each one, helping you not only identify which category you fall into but also recognize where you can improve your money management practices.

What is a financial personality and how does it affect money management?

A financial personality looks at the big picture of how you handle your money. From how you think about money, the views that guide your actions, and the actions that stem from your beliefs. It's not just about how much money you have; it's also about how effectively you handle the money that comes into your life.

Money management is a learned skill so don't feel disheartened if this doesn't come naturally to you. Sure starting early influences financial habits, but that doesn't mean that these skills can't be learned over time.

These financial personalities are built around a set of traits and characteristics that shape a particular style of money management. They're designed to help us become more aware of our behavior, keep our personalities in check when red flags trigger a knee-jerk reaction and assist us in achieving a healthier financial future.

These personalities coincide with the five main personality traits that are often used when reviewing someone's financial status: conscientiousness,  neuroticism, extraversion, agreeableness, and openness to experience. Used by researchers, these traits help to shape how one might handle money. 

Each top 6 financial personality reflects traits of the following

The six types of financial personality are based on your personal financial habits and include The Saver, The Spender,  The Investor, The Dreamer,  The Optimist, and The Pessimist. Each financial personality speaks volumes about how one views and acts with money.

1. The Saver

If you're a saver, you've already established yourself as someone who is good at saving money. You have a natural ability to save money and concentrate on long-term objectives. You know exactly how much money you want to save each month, and you stick to your plan even when tempted away from it.

You are practical with your savings as a saver. One of the things you might have done is to make direct debits from your bank account to a savings account or wealth management solution.

2. The Spender

Spenders are impulsive and rash. They're not great at handling money, either. They don't save well, invest, or budget. They're more interested in ways to generate income versus growth. You're likely a spender if you struggle with these financial decisions.

Spenders are focused on short-term pleasures and luxury items. They find it difficult to save since they're so concentrated on pleasuring themselves right now.

3. The Investor

You can take advantage of investment opportunities as they arise, even if they appear risky or complex. You keep an eye on the market and stocks to make sure that any investments that aren't performing are removed from your portfolio. They're down for both aggressive or conservative investments.

Investors are enticed by the potential return on investment; they desire high returns without too much risk—so, if they see two alternative investment options with equal potential gains but one with greater risk, they'll pick option B every time.

4. The Dreamer

Dreamers are usually content with what they have and understand how to manifest their desires. The difficult part is not allowing emotions to control spending or budgeting decisions. Instead, dreamers develop a plan and stick to it - no matter the temptation.

If you consider yourself a Dreamer, your financial habits are likely to be the ones that will make you financially successful. Dreamers are usually intuitive and have a clear idea of what will make them happy in relation to their finances. They come up with creative ways to put their plan into action.

5. The Optimist

Optimists are individuals who believe that good things will occur. They tend to have a happy disposition and see the silver lining in every situation. Optimists are more likely to be wealthy financially than other personality types since they save money and make investments, take calculated risks, and generally have a talent for making money.

Surprisingly, optimists tend to have not only better physical health and happiness but also greater financial success! It may sound too good to be true, but there is data to back this claim up. Studies show that optimism and wealth often go hand-in-hand. For example, one study found that people who are optimistic about the future make more money than those with a negative outlook.

6. The Pessimist

The last distinctive financial personality on the list is the pessimists. They are always looking for ways to save money, and they don't just stop at finding opportunities. Financial wellbeing is important and they always anticipate needing to save. If you're a pessimist, then you're probably thinking of ways to cut costs right now. 

Although pessimists might come across as boring, they have great financial stability because they never spend money on unnecessary things and shy away from risks.

Pessimists always think ahead. The Boy Scouts of financial personalities, they're cautious and they plan for the worst-case scenario so that they'll be ready to handle it if it ever happens.

How these financial personalities can help with managing money

Understanding which category (or categories) you fit into will give you a greater understanding of how you might react in a situation demanding your attention. 

With greater self-awareness comes a greater understanding of how one might make decisions pertaining to their finances. If you want to make more informed decisions about your finances, begin by taking the time to learn about your relationship with money.

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