What you need to know about EU's bold move on stablecoins

In the continuously evolving landscape of cryptocurrencies, stablecoins stand out as the level-headed cousins of the more volatile digital assets. These cryptocurrencies, designed to maintain a stable value, have been gaining traction in the financial world. However, their rising popularity has not gone unnoticed by regulators, particularly in the European Union.

The EU, known for its proactive stance on financial regulation, has set its sights on stablecoins. Recent developments indicate a significant shift in the regulatory approach, with new rules being implemented that could substantially impact the future of stablecoins in Europe. 

This blog takes a look at the EU's latest regulatory measures, their implications for the stablecoin market, and what this means for the broader cryptocurrency ecosystem.

What is Markets in Crypto-Assets (MiCA)?

The Markets in Crypto-Assets (MiCA) regulation serves as a unified framework to standardise crypto-asset regulation throughout the European Economic Area (EEA). Its goals are to foster innovation while safeguarding consumer interests, ensuring market integrity, and maintaining financial stability. 

By replacing individual national regulations, MiCA creates a consistent approach for crypto-asset service providers and token issuers.

Under Titles III and IV, MiCA’s stablecoin provisions took effect on 30 June 2024. This framework also introduces a licensing process for companies issuing stablecoins within the EEA, meaning that only MiCA-compliant entities will be permitted to issue and distribute stablecoins across the region.

How the EU defines stablecoins

According to the EU's MiCA regulation, stablecoins are categorised into two distinct types:

• E-money tokens (EMTs): These stablecoins are pegged to a single official currency, functioning similarly to electronic money. E.g. USDT and USDC.
• Asset-referenced tokens (ARTs): These stablecoins are backed by multiple assets, such as a diversified basket of currencies, commodities, or other cryptocurrencies. E.g. DAI and PAXG.

Both types are designed to provide stability in the often volatile cryptocurrency market, but each has its own specific regulatory requirements under MiCA.

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Key EU regulations on stablecoins

MiCA imposes restrictions on stablecoin issuance and usage, particularly focusing on their use as a means of exchange for goods and services. This regulation aims to protect monetary sovereignty within the EU.

For foreign currency e-money tokens (like USDC or Tether) and asset-referenced tokens, there are limits on their use for everyday transactions within the EU. However, these limits are specifically designed not to restrict stablecoin use within the crypto world or for broader investment purposes.

The regulation allows for unlimited use of stablecoins for crypto-related activities and investments but aims to limit their use as a replacement for traditional currencies in everyday transactions.

A great takeaway is that the EU is preparing for stablecoins to make a bigger appearance in everyday financial transactions. 

Limits on Transaction Volumes

MiCA sets daily limits on non-EU currency stablecoins used "as a means of exchange within a single currency area." Issuers are required to halt issuance if daily usage surpasses 1 million transactions or €200 million.

However, several exclusions reduce the scope of these limits:

• Transactions involving at least one party outside the EU are exempt.
• Investment-related transactions, including those involving crypto assets, are excluded.
• Transactions between non-custodial wallets are not subject to reporting.
• Collateral and derivatives transactions are not counted.

Guidance from the European Banking Authority (EBA) has further clarified these exemptions, suggesting that the impact on stablecoin usage may be minimal. However, for issuers aiming to expand in the EU’s retail payments market, MiCA indicates a clear preference for Euro-based stablecoins over foreign currency alternatives.

Requirements for Stablecoin Issuers

Out of interest, MiCA’s framework also outlines key requirements for stablecoin issuers:

• Reserve Management: Issuers must ensure that reserve assets are effectively managed, remain separate from their own assets, and are not pledged as collateral.
• E-money Token Issuers: These issuers must be licensed either as credit institutions or electronic money institutions (EMIs) and must allow holders to redeem the token’s value against the referenced currency at any time.
• Asset-Referenced Token Issuers: These issuers are required to maintain a reserve to back the token's value, mitigating currency and market risks. They must obtain regulatory authorisation and have their whitepaper approved before launching tokens to the public.
• Reporting: Issuers are also required to submit quarterly transaction volume reports to ensure ongoing compliance with regulatory thresholds.

Final thoughts

The EU’s regulatory approach to stablecoins under MiCA strikes a careful balance between fostering innovation and maintaining financial stability. By categorising stablecoins and setting strategic limitations, the EU signals an openness to progress while emphasising stability. 

Moving forward, we can anticipate a more organised stablecoin market within the EU, with Euro-based options likely leading in routine transactions. In a broader picture, internationally, the EU’s approach may set a regulatory benchmark, encouraging other regions to adopt similar frameworks. 

As this regulatory journey progresses, the global cryptocurrency community will be watching closely to see the impact of the EU’s structured approach.

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